Chapter 10: Mutual Aid: A Factor in the Evolution of Settlement Work in Canada

Chapter References and Attributions

Aaslund, H. (2021). Global experiences of social work practice during the pandemic: Digital mediums, mutual aid, and professional self-care. Qualitative Social Work, 20(1-2), 375–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325020986017

Addressing justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion in research. (2022). Sexual Abuse, 34(7), 775–884. https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632221092845

Alberta Online Encyclopedia. (2004). Volunteerism in Alberta: History and evolution. https://wayback.archive-it.org/2217/20101208160437/http:/www.abheritage.ca/volunteer/history/index.html

Allouba, A. (2013, October). No one is illegal: The moral case for a borderless world. Le Québécois Libre. http://www.quebecoislibre.org/13/131015-7.html

American Museum of Natural History. (n.d.). Social Darwinism: Misusing Darwin’s theory. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/evolution-today/social-darwinism

Anckar, C., & Akademi, A. (2016, September 7–10). Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing [Conference presentation]. ECPR General Conference, Prague, Czechia. https://ecpr.eu/Events/Event/PaperDetails/30190

APTN National News. (2015, June 02). Canada guilty of cultural genocide against Indigenous peoples: TRC. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/canada-guilty-cultural-genocide-indigenous-peoples-trc-2/

Arnold, A. (2020, September 30). So you want to get involved in mutual aid. The Cut. https://www.thecut.com/2020/09/what-exactly-is-mutual-aid-how-to-get-involved.html

Associated Press. (2011, October 22). “Occupy” camps provide food, shelter for homeless. Denver Post. https://www.denverpost.com/2011/10/22/occupy-camps-provide-food-shelter-for-homeless/

Astrid, M. (2022, March 10). What are the basic material needs of human beings? One World Beyond Borders. https://oneworldbeyondborders.com/en/basic-material-needs-of-human-beings/

Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS). (2023, July). What is community development? https://aifs.gov.au/resources/resource-sheets/what-community-development#references

Barker, A., & Batell Lowman, E. (n.d.). Settler colonialism. Global Social Theory. https://globalsocialtheory.org/concepts/settler-colonialism/

Big Door Brigade. (n.d.). About Big Door Brigade. https://bigdoorbrigade.com/about/

Black Lives Matter. (n.d.). About. https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/

Brayshay, M. (2020). Capitalism and the division of labour. In A. Kobayashi (Ed.), International encyclopedia of human geography (2nd ed., pp. 23–41). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10453-6

Caldararu, A. (2021). Social justice in settlement work. In O. Vergara, S. Oswald, A. Caldararu, L. Sutankayo, W. Ilott, R. Dela Cruz, & W. Chambers (Eds.), Canadian settlement in action: History and future (pp. 75–136). NorQuest College. https://pressbooks.openeducationalberta.ca/settlement/chapter/introduction/

Caldararu, A. (2019). “Class” is in session: Activism and adult learning in unpaid post-secondary student practicums. Canadian Journal for New Scholars in Education, 10(1), 81–89. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/%E2%80%9C-Class-%E2%80%9D-is-in-Session-%3A-Activism-and-Adult-in-Caldararu/7da209ad159895f2e8d4f28f39b90adb6e207a36

Calgary Catholic Immigration Society (CCIS). (2024). Cultural brokerage program. https://ccisab.ca/cultural-brokerage-program/

CBC News. (2016, May 24). Fort McMurray campaign largest in Canadian Red Cross history. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/fort-mcmurray-campaign-largest-in-canadian-red-cross-history-1.3598520

Canadian Labour Congress. (2021). What unions do. https://canadianlabour.ca/what-unions-do/

Canadian Red Cross. (2024). Alberta fires response 2016. https://www.redcross.ca/in-your-community/alberta/alberta-major-disaster-responses/past-emergencies/alberta-fires-response-2016

Carlson, L. (2018). Workers, collectivism and the law. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Carstensen, N., Mudhar, M., & Munksgaard, F. S. (2021). ‘Let communities do their work’: the role of mutual aid and self-help groups in the Covid-19 pandemic response. Disasters, 45(Suppl 1), 146–173. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fdisa.12515

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). CDC museum COVID-19 timeline. David J. Spencer CDC Museum. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/covid19.html

Chini, J., & Goodwein, T. (2022, November 14). Alberta’s 2022 living wages. City News. https://calgary.citynews.ca/2022/11/14/albertas-2022-living-wages/#:~:text=Alberta’s%202022%20living%20wages&text=According%20to%20the%20Alberta%20Living,to%20make%20%2421.40%20per%20hour

Chowdhury, R. (2023, July 20). Mutual aid groups in NYC support asylum-seekers where the city has failed. Prism. https://prismreports.org/2023/07/20/mutual-aid-groups-fill-gaps-nyc-asylum-seekers/

Classical economics. (2020). In New world encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Classical_economics

Coffman, S. (n.d.). The young lords and the Black Panther party. Digital Chicago. https://digitalchicagohistory.org/exhibits/show/young-lords/young-lords-and-black-panthers

Cultural Survival. (2010, February 17). Solidarity pact of Indigenous people of Asia and the Pacific. https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/solidarity-pact-indigenous-people-asia-and-pacific

CUNY Urban Food Policy Institute. (2023, August 23). Mutual Aid 101: History, politics, and organizational structures of community care. https://cunyurbanfoodpolicy.org/news/2023/08/22/mutual-aid-101-history-politics-and-organizational-structures-of-community-care/

Daoud, A. (2010). Robbins and Malthus on scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency: The missing sociocultural element. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 69(4), 1206–1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2010.00741.x

Darwin, C. (1859). The origin of species by means of natural selection. D. Appleton and Company.

Dattani, S., Spooner, F., Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (n.d.). Child and infant mortality. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality

de Loggans, R. (2021, July 05). The co-option of mutual aid. Briarpatch Magazine. https://briarpatchmagazine.com/articles/view/the-co-option-of-mutual-aid

Dhamija, B. (2016, April 30). What is the presidential system? Presidential System. https://presidentialsystem.org/2016/04/30/what-is-the-presidential-system/

Dugatkin, L. A. (2011, September 13). The prince of evolution: Peter Kropotkin’s adventures in science and politics. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-prince-of-evolution-peter-kropotkin/

Falk, D. (2020, April 29). The complicated legacy of Herbert Spencer, the man who coined ‘survival of the fittest.’ Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/herbert-spencer-survival-of-the-fittest-180974756/

Familias Unidas en Acción. (n.d.). Who we are. https://familiasunidasla.org/

Fernandez-Jesus, F., Mao, G., Ntonis, E., Cocking, C., McTague, M., Schwarz, A., Semlyen, J., & Drury, J. (2021). More than a COVID-19 response: Sustaining mutual aid groups during and beyond the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716202

Fernando, C. (2021, January 21). Mutual aid networks find roots in communities of color. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/immigration-coronavirus-pandemic-7b1d14f25ab717c2a29ceafd40364b6e

Fiala, A. (2021, October 26). Anarchism. In Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anarchism/

Fuentes, A., Rogers Ackermann, R., Athreya, S., Bolnick, D., Lasisi, T., Lee, S.-H., McLean, S.-A., & Nelson, R. (2019). AAPA statement on race and racism. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 169(3), 400–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23882

Gahman, L. (n.d.). Zapatismo. Global Social Theory. https://globalsocialtheory.org/topics/zapatismo/

Gannon, M., & LiveScience. (2016, February 05). Race is a social construct, scientists argue. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/

Gates, B. (2020, April 30). Responding to Covid-19 – A once-in-a-century pandemic? New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677–1679. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmp2003762

Giacomucci, S. (2021). Social work, sociometry, and psychodrama: Experiential approaches for group therapists, community leaders, and social workers. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-33-6342-7

Gilman, T. (2022, May 12). Inspired by Texas, Arizona now busing migrants to DC but with less fanfare, more help. Dallas Morning News. https://www.dallasnews.com/news/politics/2022/05/12/inspired-by-texas-arizona-now-busing-migrants-to-dc-but-less-fanfare-more-help/

Godelmann, I. R. (2014). The Zapatista movement: The fight for Indigenous rights in Mexico. Australian Institute of International Affairs. https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/news-item/the-zapatista-movement-the-fight-for-indigenous-rights-in-mexico/

Gomez, A. M. (2022, May 25). Inside the local mutual aid effort supporting migrants Texas bused to D.C. NPR News. https://www.npr.org/local/305/2022/05/25/1101183523/inside-the-local-mutual-aid-effort-supporting-migrants-texas-bused-to-d-c

Government of Alberta. (n.d.). Alberta’s non-profit and voluntary sector. https://www.alberta.ca/albertas-non-profit-and-voluntary-sector#:~:text=The%20non%2Dprofit%20and%20voluntary%20sector%20touches%20almost%20all%20aspects,Albertans%20volunteer%20across%20cultural%20sectors

Government of Canada. (2023). COVID-19 mask use: Advice for community settings. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/prevention-risks/about-non-medical-masks-face-coverings.html

Griffin, K. (2016, December 23). This week in history, 1921: Mass arrests at Kwakwaka’wakw potlatch took place Christmas day. Vancouver Sun. https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/this-week-in-history-1921-mass-arrests-at-kwakwakawakw-potlatch-took-place-christmas-day

Gulewitsch, N. (2011). Ya basta! A cry that echoes beyond borders: Zapatismo and international solidarity networks in the Zapatista uprising. McGill Sociological Review, 2, 77–91. https://www.mcgill.ca/msr/volume2/article5

Hahmann, T. (2021, June 14). Volunteering counts: Formal and informal contributions of Canadians in 2018. Volunteer Canada. https://volunteer.ca/vdemo/ResearchAndResources_DOCS/Webinar%20Presentations/Volunteer_Canada_GSS%20GVP_June%2014_EN.pdf

Hammond, W., & Zimmerman, R. (2012). A strengths-based perspective. Resiliency Initiatives. https://www.suicideinfo.ca/wp-content/uploads/gravity_forms/6-191a85f36ce9e20de2e2fa3869197735/2018/03/A-STRENGTH_BASED_PERSPECTIVE_oa.pdf

Heidenreich, P. (2021, March 03). 5 years after ‘The Beast’ ignited, investigation into Fort McMurray wildfire ‘remains open and active.’ Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7825918/fort-mcmurray-wildfire-beast-cause-rcmp-investigation/

Howard, J. (2016, February 09). What scientists mean when they say ‘race’ is not genetic. Huffington Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/race-is-not-biological_n_56b8db83e4b04f9b57da89ed

Hyde, B. (2013). Mutual aid group work: Social work leading the way to recovery-focused mental health practice. Social Work with Groups, 36(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01609513.2012.699872

Imagine Canada. (2022). Get to know Alberta’s nonprofit sector. https://www.imaginecanada.ca/sites/default/files/Datasheet-AB-2022.pdf

International Forum for Social Development. (2006). Social justice in an open world: The role of the United Nations. United Nations. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/ifsd/SocialJustice.pdf

Ivey, A., Bradford Ivey, M., & Zalaquett, C. P. (2016). Essentials of intentional interviewing: Counseling in a multicultural world (3rd ed.). Cengage.

Izlar, J. (2020, April 1). What is mutual aid? University of Georgia, School of Social Work. https://ssw.uga.edu/what-is-mutual-aid/

Kenton, W. (2024, March 13). What was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)? Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/nafta.asp

Kerman, S. (2024). Homeless, houseless, and unhoused: A glossary of terms used to talk about homelessness. Blanchet House. https://blanchethouse.org/homeless-houseless-unhoused-glossary-about-homelessness/

Kiefer, P. (2021, September 28). ‘We can’t depend on the government’: Mutual aid groups work to fill needs for immigrant communities after Ida. The Lens. https://thelensnola.org/2021/09/28/we-cant-depend-on-the-government-mutual-aid-groups-work-to-fill-needs-for-immigrant-communities-after-ida/

Kilian, C. (2016, May 14). Fort McMurray’s communist moment. The Tyee. https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2016/05/14/Fort-McMurray-Communist/

Killoran, E. (2012, November 17). Occupy Sandy: Occupy Wall Street finds new purpose in NYC hurricane; Old tensions remain. International Business Times. https://www.ibtimes.com/occupy-sandy-occupy-wall-street-finds-new-purpose-nyc-hurricane-old-tensions-remain-887124

Klein, H. (2019, January 18). A spark of hope: The ongoing lessons of the Zapatista revolution 25 years on. North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA). https://nacla.org/news/2022/12/21/spark-hope-ongoing-lessons-zapatista-revolution-25-years

Koltermann, I., & Scott, D. (2018). The competencies of frontline settlement practitioners in Canada: A background research report. Calience Research and Consulting. https://km4s.ca/wp-content/uploads/The-Competencies-of-Frontline-Settlement-Workers-in-Canada-A-Background-Research-Report-December-17-2018-FINAL.pdf

Kropotkin, P. (1902). Mutual aid: A factor of evolution. The Anarchist Library. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution

Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. (n.d.). The Westminster tradition. https://www.leg.bc.ca/dyl/Pages/Westminster-Tradition.aspx

Lister, A. (2018, May 07). How Darwin’s theory of evolution evolved. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-darwins-theory-evolution-evolved-180968981/

Littman, D. M., Boyett, M., Bender, K., Zean Dunbar, A., Santarella, M., Becker-Hafnor, T., Saavedra, K., & Milligan, T. (2022). Values and beliefs underlying mutual aid: An exploration of collective care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 13(1), 89–115. https://doi.org/10.1086/716884

Luo, M. (2021, August 23). America was eager for Chinese immigrants. What happened? The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/08/30/america-was-eager-for-chinese-immigrants-what-happened

LX News. (2021, September 01). Hundreds of mutual aid groups formed in response to COVID-19. What comes next for them? | NBCLX [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M-UjjX6C4

Mahmoudi, J., & Xiong, C. (2022). How social distancing, mobility, and preventative policies affect COVID-19 outcomes: Big data-driven evidence from the District of Columbia-Maryland-Virginia (DMV) megaregion. PLOS One 17(2), e0263820. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263820

Marcos, Subcomandante. (2002). Our word is our weapon. The Anarchist Library. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/subcomandante-marcos-our-word-is-our-weapon

Mark, J. J. (2018). Roman empire. In World History Encyclopedia. https://www.worldhistory.org/Roman_Empire/

Marx, K. (1875). Critique of the Gotha Programme. Marxists Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/

Mason, M. K. (2024). Kropotkin and his theory of mutual aid. https://www.moyak.com/papers/peter-kropotkin.html

Masterson, M. (2022, June 15). Low pay in ‘helping’ professions creates a moral dilemma for colleges. Work Shift. https://workshift.opencampusmedia.org/low-pay-in-helping-professions-creates-a-moral-dilemma-for-colleges/

McGuigan, M. (2022, July 22). How many people can Earth support? Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/16493-people-planet-earth-support.html

McKilop, A. (2013, December 16). Social Darwinism. In The Canadian encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/social-darwinism

Méndez, V. (2022, February 03). What is mutual aid, and how can it transform our world? GlobalGiving. https://www.globalgiving.org/learn/what-is-mutual-aid

Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2016, July 19). Guidelines for recovery-oriented practice. https://mentalhealthcommission.ca/resource/guidelines-for-recovery-oriented-practice/

Mertz, E. (2016, May 12). Fort McMurray wildfire: 2nd debit card distribution centre added in Edmonton. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/2697823/fort-mcmurray-wildfire-2nd-debit-card-distribution-centre-added-in-edmonton/

Migrant Solidarity Mutual Aid Network (MSMAN). (2023, October 9). Take action. https://www.dcmigrantmutualaid.org/take-action

Mixed Space, The. (2023). 7 principles of Zapatismo to consider in community building. https://www.themixedspace.com/7-principles-of-zapatismo-to-consider-in-community-building/

Monteiro, S., Pillai, N., & Kianpour, M. (2023). Online communications and service delivery in Canada’s settlement sector: The state of affairs [Unpublished working paper]. Toronto Metropolitan University. https://www.torontomu.ca/content/dam/centre-for-immigration-and-settlement/tmcis/publications/workingpapers/2023-01-WP-Monteiro-et-al.pdf

Multicultural Association of Fredericton (MCAF). (2024). Cultural brokers. https://mcaf.nb.ca/en/cultural-brokers/

Multicultural Health Brokers Co-operative (MCHB). (2024). About us. https://mchb.org/about-us/

Mutual Aid Disaster Relief Network. (2020). Toolkit: Mutual aid 101. https://mutualaiddisasterrelief.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/NO-LOGOS-Mutual-Aid-101_-Toolkit.pdf

Mutual Aid Disaster Relief Network. (n.d.). Co-conspirators. https://mutualaiddisasterrelief.org/co-conspirators/

National Centre for Cultural Competence. (2004). Bridging the cultural divide in health care settings: The essential role of cultural broker programs. Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development. https://nccc.georgetown.edu/documents/Cultural_Broker_Guide_English.pdf

National Geographic Society. (2024). Encyclopedic entry: Natural selection. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/natural-selection/

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. (2019). A legal analysis of genocide. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Supplementary-Report_Genocide.pdf

National Public Radio (NPR). (2016, March 04). Why did humans become the most successful species on Earth? NPR TED Radio Hour. https://www.npr.org/transcripts/468882620

No One Is Illegal. (n.d.). About us. https://noii-van.resist.ca/about-us/

Occupy Wall Street. (2019, October 28). Facts about Occupy Wall Street. http://occupywallst.org/

O’Connor, A. (2022, November 10). How to give support through mutual aid – and why it’s different from charity. Real Simple. https://www.realsimple.com/work-life/money/mutual-aid-crowd-funding-explainer#:~:text=Unlike%20nonprofit%20fundraising%2C%20philanthropy%2C%20or,needs%20of%20each%20individual%20person

OpenStaxCollege. (2012). Features of the animal kingdom. In Introduction to animal diversity. https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/biology/chapter/features-of-the-animal-kingdom/

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2024). 4. System of government. OECD iLibrary. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/025c3909-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/025c3909-en

Organization of American States. (n.d.). North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Foreign Trade Information System. http://www.sice.oas.org/trade/nafta/naftatce.asp

Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2024, January). Child labor. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/child-labor

Ortiz-Ospina, E., Tzvetkova, S., & Roser, M. (2024, March). Women’s employment. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/female-labor-supply

Overpopulation Project, The. (n.d.). Is the Earth really overpopulated? https://overpopulation-project.com/motivation-and-project-objectives/

Passel, J. S. (2019, July 12). Measuring illegal immigration: How Pew Research Center counts unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/07/12/how-pew-research-center-counts-unauthorized-immigrants-in-us/

Peterson, D. K., Van Landuyt, C., & Pham, C. (2021). Motives for corporate philanthropy and charitable causes supported. Journal of Strategy and Management, 14(4), 397–412. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-09-2020-0241

Postmedia News. (2011, November 10). Occupy Wall Street gives Edmonton protesters $7,500 to winterize camp. National Post. https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/occupy-wall-street-gives-edmonton-protesters-7500-to-winterize-camp

Pressman, L. (2017). How evolution was used to support scientific racism. The Trinity Papers (2011–present). https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=trinitypapers

Rafferty, J. P. (2024). Superstorm Sandy. In Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Superstorm-Sandy

Raghavan, M. (2021). Putting Kropotkin back into the concept of mutual aid. Science for the People, 24(3), 7–10. https://magazine.scienceforthepeople.org/vol24-3-cooperation/putting-kropotkin-back-into-the-concept-of-mutual-aid/

Rebrii, A. (2020, June 25). Zapatistas: Lessons in community self-organisation in Mexico. Open Democracy. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/zapatistas-lecciones-de-auto-organizaci%C3%B3n-comunitaria-en/

Reutov, E., Reutova, M., & Savyrina, I. (2018). Reciprocity principle within mutual aid relations. SHS Web of Convergences, 50(6), 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001010

Ritchie, H., Rodés-Guirao, L., Mathieu, E., Gerber, M., Ortiz-Ospina, E., Hasell, J., & Roser, M. (2023). Population growth. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth

Ritchie, H., Rosado, P., & Roser, M. (2023). Agricultural production. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/agricultural-production

Ritchie, H., Samborska, V., Ahuja, N., Ortiz-Ospina, E., & Roser, M. (2023). Global education. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/global-education

Roser, M. (2024). Fertility rate. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/fertility-rate

Ross, N. (2002). Community belonging and health. Health Reports, 13(3), 33–39. PMID: 1274959

Schools for Chiapas. (2022, November 04). A portrait of resistance, determination and love: a Zapatista health promoter. https://schoolsforchiapas.org/a-portrait-of-resistance/

Schools for Chiapas. (2014, October 11). Who are the Zapatistas? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=lDNuzFQW3uI

Sen, R. (2020, July 01). Why today’s social revolutions include kale, medical care, and help with rent. Zocalo Public Square. https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2020/07/01/mutual-aid-societies-self-determination-pandemic-community-organizing/ideas/essay/

Shermer, M. (2016, May 01). Why Malthus is still wrong. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-malthus-is-still-wrong/

Shields, J., & Alrob, Z. A. (2020). COVID-19, migration and the Canadian immigration system: Dimensions, impact and resilience [Unpublished research report]. York University. https://bmrc-irmu.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/07/COVID-19-and-Migration-Paper-Final-Edit-JS-July-24-1.pdf?x15611

Smith, P. (2015). Malthus is still wrong: we can feed a world of 9–10 billion, but only by reducing food demand. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74(3), 187–190. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114001517

Solnit, R. (2020, May 14). ‘The way we get through this is together’: the rise of mutual aid under coronavirus. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/14/mutual-aid-coronavirus-pandemic-rebecca-solnit

South African History Online Collective. (n.d.). Pseudo-scientific racism and Social Darwinism. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pseudo-scientific-racism-and-social-darwinism

Steinberg, D. M. (2014). A mutual-aid model for social work with groups (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Stone, L. (2018, July 11). Why you shouldn’t obsess about “overpopulation.” Vox Media. https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/12/12/16766872/overpopulation-exaggerated-concern-climate-change-world-population

Sutankayo, L. (2022). Measuring gender equality. In O. Vergara, S. Oswald, A. Caldararu, L. Sutankayo, W. Ilott, R. Dela Cruz, & W. Chambers (Eds.), Canadian settlement in action: History and future (pp. 75–136). NorQuest College. https://pressbooks.openeducationalberta.ca/settlement/chapter/measuring-gender-equality/

Suva, C., Liu, J., Sigurdson, E., Torio, J. E., & Gonzalez Benson, O. (2022). A case study of community-based, cross-sectoral crisis response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Serving racialized immigrant communities. Global Social Welfare, 9(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-022-00223-0

TRAC Immigration. (2023, June 21). Top county destinations for asylum seekers. https://trac.syr.edu/reports/720/

Tribone, L. (2020, July 01). Mutual aid, for and by undocumented immigrants. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/coronavirus/mutual-aid-for-and-by-undocumented-immigrants/

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015a). Calls to action. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/british-columbians-our-governments/indigenous-people/aboriginal-peoples-documents/calls_to_action_english2.pdf

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015b). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: summary of the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.800288/publication.html

United Nations. (n.d.). International human solidarity day 20 December. https://www.un.org/en/observances/human-solidarity-day

Volunteer Canada. (2020). Data on giving, volunteering, and participating in Canada. https://volunteer.ca/index.php?MenuItemID=364

Wheeler, L. K. (2018). Feudalism. https://web.archive.org/web/20231116095618/https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/feudalism.html

Willow, F. (2021, June 02). What is mutual aid, why it’s important & how to get involved. Ethical Unicorn. https://ethicalunicorn.com/2021/06/02/what-is-mutual-aid-why-its-important-how-to-get-involved/

World Atlas. (2024). The poorest states in Mexico. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-poorest-states-in-mexico.html

Yellowhead Institute. (2019). Land back: A Yellowhead Institute red paper. https://redpaper.yellowheadinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/red-paper-report-final.pdf

Zhang, J. (2021, March 09). Mutual aid groups supported communities when the government wouldn’t. Harper’s Bazaar. https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a35232889/mutual-aid-groups-covid-19-pandemic/

License

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

Canadian Settlement in Action: History and Future Copyright © 2021 by NorQuest College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book