Review Questions

1. Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable.

  1. observable
  2. original
  3. provable
  4. testable

2. ________ are defined as observable realities.

  1. behaviours
  2. facts
  3. opinions
  4. theories

3. Scientific knowledge is ________.

  1. intuitive
  2. empirical
  3. permanent
  4. subjective

4. A major criticism of Freud’s early theories involves the fact that his theories ________.

  1. were too limited in scope
  2. were too outrageous
  3. were too broad
  4. were not testable

5. Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________.

  1. archival research
  2. case study
  3. naturalistic observation
  4. survey

6. ________ involves observing behaviour in individuals in their natural environments.

  1. archival research
  2. case study
  3. naturalistic observation
  4. survey

7. The major limitation of case studies is ________.

  1. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach
  2. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach
  3. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population
  4. the absence of inter-rater reliability

8. The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________.

  1. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting
  2. how quick and easy these studies are to perform
  3. the researcher’s capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible
  4. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

9. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.

  1. naturalistic observation
  2. survey research
  3. longitudinal research
  4. archival research

10. ________ involves following a group of research participants for an extended period of time.

  1. archival research
  2. longitudinal research
  3. naturalistic observation
  4. cross-sectional research

11. A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form.

  1. archive
  2. case Study
  3. naturalistic observation
  4. survey

12. Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.

  1. deception
  2. observation
  3. attrition
  4. generalization

13. Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that:

  1. There is no relationship between height and weight.
  2. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are.
  3. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are.
  4. As height increases, typically weight increases.

14. Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

  1. –.90
  2. –.50
  3. +.80
  4. +.25

15. Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam?

  1. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance.
  2. Smart students watch less television.
  3. Viewing television interferes with a student’s ability to prepare for the upcoming exam.
  4. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

16. The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.

  1. it is closest to 0
  2. it is closest to -1
  3. it is positive
  4. it is negative

17. ________ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study.

  1. operationalizing
  2. placebo effect
  3. random assignment
  4. random sampling

18. The ________ is controlled by the experimenter, while the ________ represents the information collected and statistically analyzed by the experimenter.

  1. dependent variable; independent variable
  2. independent variable; dependent variable
  3. placebo effect; experimenter bias
  4. experiment bias; placebo effect

19. Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined.

  1. randomly assign
  2. randomly select
  3. operationalize
  4. generalize

20. Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment.

  1. dependent variable
  2. independent variable
  3. statistical analysis
  4. placebo

21. ________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research.

  1. informed consent; deception
  2. IACUC; IRB
  3. IRB; IACUC
  4. deception; debriefing

22. Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses.

  1. informed consent
  2. deception
  3. ethics
  4. debriefing

23. A person’s participation in a research project must be ________.

  1. random
  2. rewarded
  3. voluntary
  4. public

24. Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form.

  1. informed consent
  2. debriefing
  3. IRB
  4. ethics

Critical Thinking Questions

25. In this section, there was a discussion about researchers arriving at different conclusions about the use of technology in certain student populations, with one study determining that a smartphone app for surgery students seemed effective, but another study finding negative impacts on sleep, communication, and time management resulting from the use of technology by undergraduates. How might an educational leader best work through these discrepancies?
26. The scientific method is often described as self-correcting and cyclical. Briefly describe your understanding of the scientific method with regard to these concepts.
27. In this section, conjoined twins, Krista and Tatiana, were described as being potential participants in a case study. In what other circumstances would you think that this particular research approach would be especially helpful and why?
28. Presumably, reality television programs aim to provide a realistic portrayal of the behaviour displayed by the characters featured in such programs. This section pointed out why this is not really the case. What changes could be made in the way that these programs are produced that would result in more honest portrayals of realistic behaviour?
29. Which of the research methods discussed in this section would be best suited to study the impact of diet and exercise on the prevalence of a disease such as diabetes? Why?
30. Aside from biomedical research, what other areas of research could greatly benefit by both longitudinal and archival research?
31. Earlier in this section, we read about research suggesting that there is a correlation between eating cereal and weight. Cereal companies that present this information in their advertisements could lead someone to believe that eating more cereal causes healthy weight. Why would they make such a claim and what arguments could you make to counter this cause-and-effect claim?
32. Recently a study was published in the journal, Nutrition and Cancer, which established a negative correlation between coffee consumption and breast cancer. Specifically, it was found that women consuming more than 5 cups of coffee a day were less likely to develop breast cancer than women who never consumed coffee (Lowcock, Cotterchio, Anderson, Boucher, & El-Sohemy, 2013). Imagine you see a newspaper story about this research that says, “Coffee Protects Against Cancer.” Why is this headline misleading and why would a more accurate headline draw less interest?
33. Sometimes, true random sampling can be very difficult to obtain. Many researchers make use of convenience samples as an alternative. For example, one popular convenience sample would involve students enrolled in Introduction to Psychology courses. What are the implications of using this sampling technique?
34. Peer review is an important part of publishing research findings in many scientific disciplines. This process is normally conducted anonymously; in other words, the author of the article being reviewed does not know who is reviewing the article, and the reviewers are unaware of the author’s identity. Why would this be an important part of this process?
35. Some argue that animal research is inherently flawed in terms of being ethical because unlike human participants, animals do not consent to be involved in research. Do you agree with this perspective? Given that animals do not consent to be involved in research projects, what sorts of extra precautions should be taken to ensure that they receive the most humane treatment possible?
36. At the end of the last section, you were asked to design a basic experiment to answer some question of interest. What ethical considerations should be made with the study you proposed to ensure that your experiment would conform to the scientific community’s expectations of ethical research?

Personal Application Questions

37. Healthcare professionals cite an enormous number of health problems related to obesity, and many people have an understandable desire to attain a healthy weight. There are many diet programs, services, and products on the market to aid those who wish to lose weight. If a close friend was considering purchasing or participating in one of these products, programs, or services, how would you make sure your friend was fully aware of the potential consequences of this decision? What sort of information would you want to review before making such an investment or lifestyle change yourself?
38. A friend of yours is working part-time in a local pet store. Your friend has become increasingly interested in how dogs normally communicate and interact with each other, and is thinking of visiting a local veterinary clinic to see how dogs interact in the waiting room. After reading this section, do you think this is the best way to better understand such interactions? Do you have any suggestions that might result in more valid data?
39. As a college student, you are no doubt concerned about the grades that you earn while completing your coursework. If you wanted to know how overall GPA is related to success in life after college, how would you choose to approach this question and what kind of resources would you need to conduct this research?
40. We all have a tendency to make illusory correlations from time to time. Try to think of an illusory correlation that is held by you, a family member, or a close friend. How do you think this illusory correlation came about and what can be done in the future to combat them?
41. Are there any questions about human or animal behaviour that you would really like to answer? Generate a hypothesis and briefly describe how you would conduct an experiment to answer your question.
42. Take a few minutes to think about all of the advancements that our society has achieved as a function of research involving animal subjects. How have you, a friend, or a family member benefited directly from this kind of research?

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Introduction to Psychology Copyright © 2021 by Southern Alberta Institution of Technology (SAIT) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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