GLOSSARY

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#%20%205bx"this acronym stands for 5 basic exercises of an exercise program designed to help male armed force members become more fit"

"the breakdown product, along with energy and Pi release when adenosine triphosphate is hydrolyzed by an ATPase"  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

the intensity of exercise above which there is a sustained non-aerobic contribution to the provision of energy

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#threshold; https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#anaerobic

"this acronym stands for 10 basic exercises and was the term used to describe an exercise program designed to help female armed forces members become more fit"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#10bx

"the difference in oxygen partial pressure (PO2) between the alveolar space and the arterial blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aado2-1

"a small device that detects rate of change of motion and provides a signal in proportion to the rate at which motion is changing"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#accelerometer

"the recommended percentage of calories obtained from carbohydrates, protein, and fat for adequate intake of energy and nutrients. The ADMR for carbohydrates is 45-65 %, protein 10-35 %, and fat 20-35 %"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#amdr

"adaptations to improve the ability to maintain homeostasis in an unusual circumstance, like a move to high altitude or a warmer climate"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acclimatization

"Acid-base balance refers to ability of the body to keep blood pH close to 7.4"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acid-base-balance

"a neutral acid-base state exists when arterial pH is 7.4. When pH falls below 7.35 the body is acidotic. When the pH increases to above 7.45 then the body is alkalotic"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acid-base-state

a relatively high concentration of H+. See pH (negative log of [H+]). A pH of 7.0 is typically considered neutral, so a pH lower than 7.0 would be considered acidotichttps://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acidosis

"when the body produces antibodies in response to the presence of an invading substance or organism (antigen), the body is learning to defend itself from the invader.  This is acquired immunity"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acquired-immunity

"the American College of Sports Medicine advances and integrates scientific research to provide educational and practical applications of exercise science and sports medicine" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#amenorrhea

"actin monomers, strung together in a long string and two strings wound together in an alpha helix makes an actin filament"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#actin-myosin-atpase

"an ATPase is an enzyme that splits adenosine triphosphate (ATP), resulting in release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Myosin, the molecular motor of skeletal muscle has ATPase activity that is initiated by binding to actin"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#actin-myosin-atpase

a wave (impulse) of depolarization followed by repolarization that travels along the membrane of muscle or nerve https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#action-potential

"the force generated by active processes in the muscle, usually calculated by subtracting the passive force from the peak force reached during a contraction"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#active-force

"when energy is used for the movement of a substance across a cell membrane"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#active-transport-

"prior contraction leads to potentiation of subsequent submaximal contractions"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#activity-dependent-potentiation

"illness directly due to rapid exposure to high altitude, usually expressed as headache, dizziness, nausea, difficulty sleeping and lethargy"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ams

"proteins synthesized in response to an infection and released into the circulation in the time immediately after first evidence of the infection"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acute-phase-protein

"the increase in immune cells and antibodies in response to a foreign substance in the body"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adaptive-immunity

adenosine is a purine nucleoside with ribose attached, a small molecule that has many functions in the bodyhttps://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

"the breakdown product, along with energy and Pi release when adenosine triphosphate is hydrolyzed by an ATPase"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

"an enzyme that splits ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi)"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

the triphosphorylated form of adenosine. ATP is the currency of energy in living cells. Most processes that require energy will use ATP to provide that energy.https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

"an estimate of required need of a specific nutrient for most people in a demographic group"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ai

"receptors are proteins that bind signaling molecules. Adrenergic receptors bind the adrenergic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors are proteins that bind signaling molecules. Adrenergic receptors bind the adrenergic hormones, epinephrine and norepinephrine"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adrenergic-receptors

should be interpreted as meaning without the use of oxygenhttps://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aerobic

"the maximal rate at which energy can be provided by aerobic metabolism"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aerobic

"exercise of sufficiently low intensity that it can be sustained predominantly by aerobic metabolism "https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aerobic

"the slow increase in oxygen uptake when exercise intensity is suddenly increased by a marked amount"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aerobic

the highest intensity of exercise that can be sustained while maintaining close to resting blood lactate concentration

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#threshold

"referring to something that is coming from a point of interest. For example, the afferent neurons are coming from the tissues (like muscle)"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#afferent-adjective

"repolarization of the nerve or muscle membrane immediately after an action potential that brings the membrane potential to a more negative value than prior to that action potential" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#depolarization

"the resistance to shortening for cardiac or skeletal muscle when the resistance is imposed only after isometric force rises to the level to match this resistance to shortening"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#afterload

when there is insufficient scientific evidence to provide an RDI, an AI is established. This is an estimate of required need for most people in a demographic group

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ai

"an immune response that can cause a reaction that would be considered “allergic” or overzealous"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#allergic-immunity

"normalizing a variable by an exponential measure of size. Allometry provides a way to reduce variability of a measured property of the body, usually by expressing relative to body mass expressed as an exponent"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#allometric-scaling

"a structural arrangement that allows a regulatory molecule to bind to an enzyme resulting in regulation of that enzyme"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#allosteric

"the air sacs of the lungs where gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere takes place" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alveolae

"any alveolar space that is not perfused and cannot therefore exchange gas with blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alveolar-dead-space

"PAO2 = PIO2 – PACO2×R-1 +F; the alveolar gas equation is used to estimate the partial pressure of alveolar air" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alveolar-gas-equation

"the amount of air that reaches the alveoli of the lungs each minute. Minute ventilation includes alveolar ventilation and dead-space ventilation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alveolar-ventilation

"the recommended percentage of calories obtained from carbohydrates, protein, and fat for adequate intake of energy and nutrients. The ADMR for carbohydrates is 45-65 %, protein 10-35 %, and fat 20-35 %"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#amdr

"the absence of menstruation (less than 4 menstrual periods per year, or 3 missed periods in a row) in an otherwise sexually mature female"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#amenorrhea

"the American College of Sports Medicine advances and integrates scientific research to provide educational and practical applications of exercise science and sports medicine" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#acsm

a molecule that contains a carboxylic acid group, amine group, and a specific side-chain https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#amino-acid-

"a glutaminergic receptor that can bind alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ampa

illness directly due to rapid exposure to high altitude, usually expressed as headache, dizziness, nausea, difficulty sleeping and lethargy. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ams

"a class of hormone/drug that induces protein synthesis in the body along with support for a range of masculinizing changes including: deepening of the voice, increased facial hair, decreased testicular size and gynecomastia (breast development in males)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#anabolic-androgenic-steroids-

should be interpreted as meaning without the use of oxygen https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#anaerobic

"the volume of air found within the airways that are not involved in gas exchange" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#anatomic-dead-space-

"the use of animals or animal tissue in experimental research" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#animal-research-

"The front area of the elbow; there is a subcutaneous vein in this region that is often used for withdrawing blood"

"relating to the measurement of body and body parts. Anthropometry is the measurement of body parts relative to the whole and includes segment lengths, girths and body composition" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#anthropometric

"an immunoglobin molecule, produced by lymphocytes, that recognizes a foreign substance by binding to the substance, allowing further destruction" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antibody-

" reaction or process resulting from an antibody binding to an antigen. An acquired immunity that operates through the production of antibodies". https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antibody-

"particle, molecule or amino acid sequence that is detected by the immune system of the body, in particular by an antibody"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antigen

"a chemical or cell that operates to destroy toxic microorganisms that invade the body. This includes substances like medicines that can be introduced by ingestion or injection" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antimicrobial

"a molecule that can inhibit oxidation and therefore protect against the effects of free radicals" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antioxidant

"a chemical or cell that can impair or destroy a virus" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#antiviral

"phagocytic cells (macrophages, dendritic cells) that ingest foreign cells and express the antigenic proteins on their surface" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#apcs

"connective tissue surface to which myocytes of pinnate muscles insert" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#aponeurosis

"programmed cell death. The systematic or controlled destruction of individual cells within a tissue. Normal apoptosis results in tissue renewal. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#apoptosis

"the volume of oxygen in a given volume of blood.  Oxygen content is very much dependent on the amount of hemoglobin in the volume of blood and this depends on the number of red cells or haematocrit.   https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#arterial-oxygen-content

"the blood oxygen content difference between arterial blood and venous blood. In combination with blood flow, this difference can be used to calculate the amount of delivered oxygen that is used in the tissue through which the blood has travelled. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#arterio-venous-oxygen-difference-

small thick-walled blood vessel carrying oxygenated blood to any tissue https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#arteriole

"the total amount of weak (nonvolatile) acid in combined and dissociated state" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#atot

the triphosphorylated form of adenosine. ATP is the currency of energy in living cellshttps://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

"an enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP, resulting in the formation of ADP and the release of energy including heat and energy that is available for biological work" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#adenosine

the slow decrease in size of a muscle or organ. This decrease is normally a response to lack of use and is a transition to net degradation from a balance of assimilation vs degradation. The state of atrophy/maintenance/ hypertrophy relies on the balance of protein synthesis and degradation as well as cytokine and  intracellular signalling. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#atpase

"this is a self-signaling process. A cell releases a chemical messenger, and that messenger binds to receptors on the cells of the tissue in which the chemical was released" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#autocrine

"self-regulation. In autoregulation, something is controlling itself" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#autoregulation

self-regulating force; the force of contraction will depend on the load. Shortening or lengthening may occur.

"when an axon terminates on the dendrite of another neuron, the synapse is called an axodendritic synapse. activation of the axon will result in either an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#axon

"Part of the neuron projecting from the cell body that conducts the signal from its origin to its destination" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#axon

the end of the axon, where synaptic connection occurs with the target tissue. In the case of motoneurons, each myocyte will have a nerve terminus at the end-plate where activation of the motoneuron will result in activation of the myocyte by neuromuscular transmission.  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#axon

"when an axon terminates on the soma of another neutron, the synapse is called an axon somatic synapse"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#axon

"immune cells that have reacted with an antigen and produced antibodies. The survival of these cells will assure a rapid reaction to future infections with the same antigen" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#b-memory-cells

"the pressure exerted by the atmosphere or air pressure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#barometric-pressure--

sensor in the body that detects pressure. The two key arterial baroreceptors are located in the arch of the aorta and in the carotid bodies https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#baroreceptors

"the rate of energy use (calories burned) in the body when it is in a resting state; enough calories to maintain minimum body function and keep body temperature in the normal range" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#bmr

"thin layer surrounding individual cells, exterior to the plasmalemma. Basement membrane is composed of 3 layers: lamina lucida, lamina densa and reticular lamina." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#basement-membrane

oxidative metabolism of fatty acids for replenishment of ATP requires splitting 2-carbon units off the long-chain fatty acids for the formation of acetyl CoA.  This is called b-oxidation.  The acetyl CoA is subsequently taken into the Krebs Cycle for oxidative metabolism.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#beta-oxidation-

"having to do with biological energy. Forms of energy in a living creature include: heat, chemical, kinetic, work and potential" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bioenergetic

"processes that go on in living creatures that require the transduction of energy. This includes: synthetic reactions, active transport and mechanical work, which is accomplished by molecular motors" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#biological-work-

"structure of a muscle composed of two heads, each with fibres at a different angle with respect to the line of action of the muscle. A typical shape of a bipennate muscle is like that of a feather" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bipennate

"a system that can remain constant and stable in two possible states or configurations" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bipennate

the amount or concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#blood-glucose

"the amount or concentration of lactate in the blood; lactate is a 3-carbon molecule" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#blood-lactate-

the lateral hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood in arteries of the body. Blood pressure is usually presented as systolic/diastolic. Systolic is the highest lateral pressure exerted in the arteries; a consequence of ejection of blood by the heart into the vascular system. Diastolic pressure is the lowest that the lateral pressure falls between beats of the heart.https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#blood-pressure-

the volume of blood in the vascular system, including pulmonary and peripheral systems https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#blood-volume-

"the ratio of body mass (kg) to height (m) squared. BMI is used as an index for overweight (25-29.9) and obesity (>30)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bmi-

the rate of energy use (calories burned) in the body when it is in a resting state; enough calories to maintain minimum body function and keep body temperature in the normal range.  BMR can be measured by measurement of oxygen uptake several hours after the last meal and after sitting or lying for 30 min.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bar

the relative proportion of the body that is made up of a given type of tissue, typically expressed as a two-component model (fat and lean). Alternatively, skin and/or bone can be considered separately for a four-component model https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#body-composition-

"the ratio of body mass (kg) to height (m) squared. BMI is used as an index for overweight (25-29.9) and obesity (>30)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bmi-

"the position of the oxygen saturation curve (relative to partial pressure) is shifted to the right in acidosis and when there is increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bohr-effect-

"the amount of bone tissue per volume. Measured by X-ray or dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); essentially quantifying the amount of X-ray that can pass through bone" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#bone-mineral-density-

"a small collection of neurons involved in regulation of ventilation and located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla and ventral respiratory column" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#botzinger-complex

"effectively the ending of a burst of action potentials on a neuron or nerve complex. An example of burst termination is the end of the repeated action potentials activating the inspiratory muscles" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#burst-terimination

"a specific protein produced by the liver that circulates in the blood and increases in concentration during an inflammatory response" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#crp

"the ion pump that transfers Ca2+ across the cell membrane, using ATP for the source of energy" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#ca2-atpase-

"a mathematical approach to describing the passive spread of current along a cell membrane" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cable-theory

"Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation: the professional organization representing educators in the fields of health, physical education and recreation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#cahper-

"ion channels that permit Ca2+ to cross a membrane, down its electrochemical gradient. These can be in an external membrane, as in the dihydropyridine receptor, or in an internal membrane, as the ryanodine receptor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#calcium-channel-

refers to the relative effectiveness of Ca2+ in activating a process. In the case of skeletal muscle contraction, Ca2+ sensitivity can be interpreted by the half-maximal myoplasmic [Ca2+] with respect to force https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#calcium-sensitivity-

"Ca2+ concentration rises and falls with each activation of a skeletal muscle cell" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#calcium-transient-

"a small Ca2+-binding protein, similar to troponin, that exists in several cell types. Calmodulin which has four Ca2+-binding sites, participates in regulatory processes that are activated by increasing [Ca2+]" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#calmodulin

the number of kilocalories of energy released per litre of oxygen consumed. In general, the caloric equivalent per litre of oxygen will be between 4.69 and 5.05, depending on the mix of substrate (fats, carbohydrates, and protein) oxidized.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#caloric-equivalent

conventional unit of energy (heat). Often used to quantify energy equivalent of food. One calorie is equal to the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water (at sea level) by one degree centigrade from 14.5 to 15.5°C. This is equivalent to 4.1855 joules.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#calorie

"a protein that binds Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, storing large amounts of this ion for activation of the myocyte" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#calsequestrin

"Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation: the professional organization representing educators in the fields of health, physical education and recreation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#cahper-

"the former organization of academics involved in the study of sport science in Canada. This organization changed its name to the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology in 1992" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cass

"a government sponsored program focused on monitoring regular physical activity of Canadians and promoting evidence-based lifestyle changes that promote health and longevity" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cflri

"a unique series of tests that could be conducted at home without professional supervision or interpretations" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#chft-

"the professional organization of medical doctors in Canada. This organization promotes health among physicians and provides guidelines for working conditions of medical doctors in Canada" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#canadian-medical-association-

"an organization of academics, involved in the study and teaching of exercise physiology. The CSEP membership includes certified personal trainers and certified exercise physiologists, practitioners of exercise administration for Canadians" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#CSEP

cancer is a disease that results from uncontrolled or abnormal growth of a tissue in the body. This unusual growth has the capacity to invade normal tissue and spread to other tissues of the body (malignant) https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cancer

"the volume of oxygen in a given volume of blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#arterial-oxygen-content

"the amount of charge stored in a structure for a given potential difference between sides. A membrane has a capacitance that is proportional to it's area. The lower the capacitance, the greater the change in voltage for a given charge movement" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#capacitance

a structure that can hold a charge or store electric energy is called a capacitor. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#capacitor

blood vessel of the microcirculation. Exchange of gas (O2 and CO2) as well a small molecules and water occurs across capillary walls

"blood vessel of the microcirculation. Exchange of gas (O2 and CO2) as well a small molecules and water occurs across capillary walls" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#capillary

an organic biomolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates, including: fibre, starch, glycogen, monosaccharide, and disaccharide are in the food we eat.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#carbohydrate

"an exercise and diet procedure that is used by athletes in an attempt to increase glycogen stores in muscle beyond the normal level" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#carbohydrate-loading-

the catabolic metabolism of carbohydrates (sugars, glycogen) to replenish ATP in the body. Glycolysis is the name of the sequence of chemical reactions that glucose follows. This is followed by the Krebs Cycle https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#carbohydrate-metabolism-

"the volume of carbon dioxide produced in the body each minute. The VdotCO2 is usually measured as pulmonary release of carbon dioxide but can also be measured with sampling of arterial and venous blood and measurement of blood flow (Fick equation)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#v-%CC%87co2-

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle each minute, abbreviated as Q(with a dot over the Q) https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cardiac-output

"a measure of fitness that relates to the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to deliver oxygen to the active muscles of the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cardiorespiratory-fitness-

chronic disease affecting function of the heart and/or blood vessels. Typically, cardiovascular disease is atherosclerosis or hardening or blocking of the arteries https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cardiovascular-disease

"an amino acid that functions in the liver and skeletal muscle for transport of acyl groups across mitochondrial membrane" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#carnitine

"rubbery substance that covers the ends of bones, providing a buffer for bone to bone contact" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cartilage

"Canadian Association of Sport Sciences: the former organization of academics involved in the study of sport science in Canada. This organization changed its name to the Canadian Society for Exercise P`hysiology in 1992" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cass

"a higher sustained force is achieved at a given frequency of activation when the first 2-3 pulses (doublet or triplet) are at a higher frequency. This pattern of activation is typical for ballistic contractions" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#catch-like-property

"a classification of monoamines that relates to autonomic function in the body. The catecholamines include dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#catecholamine

"part of the ventral respiratory group of cell bodies, situated caudally (towards the rump or tail), responsible for regulationon of ventilation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-centre

"immunity obtained from the presence of cells that can destroy or consume debris and foreign substances. T-lymphocytes are examples of cells that participate in cell-mediated immunity" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cell-mediated-immunity--

"a control system that operates from the central nervous system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-nervous-system

"A blue tinge to the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth resulting from a high concentration of deoxygenated arterial blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-cyanosis

"the theory that the central nervous system has locomotor pattern generators that regulate the appropriate sequence of activations of muscles of locomotion. Triggering these pattern generators will evoke movements associated with typical locomotion without the requirement for repeated voluntary engagement" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-nervous-system

"the brain and spinal cord. The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral branches" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-nervous-system

a property of a locus of neurons that are capable of causing a consistent response like a repeating burst without a similar input. Modulating signals can change the frequency or bursts or the frequency within the burst https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-nervous-system

"in the dichotomy of central vs peripheral with respect to the cardiovascular system, central refers to the heart, large arteries and large veins. In contrast, peripheral refers to the remaining vessels of the cardiovascular system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-or-cardiac-response

a statistical term referring to a single measure or estimate representing the middle of a number of values. Mean, median and mode are the measures of central tendency https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#central-tendency

"a government sponsored program focused on monitoring regular physical activity of Canadians and promoting evidence-based lifestyle changes that promote health and longevity" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cflri

"sensors in the body that respond to specific molecules are called chemoreceptors" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/120723/layout#chemoreceptor

"a unique series of tests that could be conducted at home without professional supervision or interpretations" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#chft-

"a fat (sterol) that serves as a precursor for steroid hormones and is a key component of membranes"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cholesterol

"an enzyme that removes choline from a conjugated molecule. Acetylcholinesterase is a common cholinesterase that removes choline from acetylcholine" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cholinesterase

"found in the nucleus, the 23 pairs of chromosomes (in human) carry the genetic information. Each chromosome is a string-like structure of nucleic acids (DNA) and proteins" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#chromosome

"a medical condition that develops over time and persists for a long time. Chronic diseases include: arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, and cancer" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#chronic-disease-

the sequence of reactions that begins with combining acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which is subsequently converted back to oxaloacetate by a sequence of reactions that result in formation of Guanosine triphosphate, CO2 and NADH

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#citric-acid-cycle

"an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ADP + Creatine phosphate gives  ATP + Creatine" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#creatine

"a nomenclature system to categorize cells with immune function, based on the types of molecules it can bind to" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cluster-of-differentiation

"the professional organization of medical doctors in Canada. This organization promotes health among physicians and provides guidelines for working conditions of medical doctors in Canada" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#canadian-medical-association-

"also, cerebral function; the ability to think, learn and recall knowledge" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cognitive-function-

"string-like extracellular protein, a major structural part of connective tissue. Collagen is made by fibroblasts and is a substantial part of endomysium" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#collagen

"a part of the innate immune system that enhances the ability of phagocytes to perform their function; ingest and digest foreign elements including debris" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#complement-system-

"two or more protein sources that together provide a complete amino acid profile (e.g. adequate amounts of all essential amino acids)"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#complementary-protein-

"a type of contraction during which shortening occurs. This is a type of dynamic contraction also known as a shortening contraction" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#concentric

"the ease with which flow occurs; this could be flow of blood through part or all of the vascular system, or the flow of ions through a membrane etc. Conductance is inversely related to resistance" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#conductance

"composed of airways that are not involved in gas exchange and are simply responsible for the movement of air from the external environment to the transitional and respiratory zones" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#conducting-zone-

"the conveyance of something, such as heat, by contact. We warm (or cool) the air or water around us by conduction"

"having the effect of disturbing or altering the outcome. For example, a confounding variable would be an influence that could alter the outcome of an intervention under experimental consideration" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#confounding

"the measured content (in ml%) of oxygen in the mixed venous blood. Mixed venous blood indicated by a dash over the v, is typically sampled from the right ventricle or pulmonary artery" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#CVO2

"refers to actin and myosin in skeletal muscle. Myosin-2 is a molecular motor" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#contractile-protein-

"when a muscle is activated, it will undergo contraction. This means that myosin will interact with actin, and ATP will be split to form ADP and Pi. This will result in force development and/or shortening" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#contraction

"heat loss to the environment can occur by convection. This is when the substance immediately around you is constantly replaced, such as when the wind is blowing and the air that you warmed by conduction is replaced" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#convection

coming together. several sources come together to form fewer streams. Convergence in neural physiology refers to input from several neurons connecting with a common target neuron. In the vascular system, convergence would be several blood vessels joining to allow their flow to go through fewer vessels. The opposite of convergence is divergence https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#convection

"vascular disease of the coronary vessels. Vascular disease typically means a build-up of plaque and calcification in the internal wall of vessels, particularly arteries"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#coronary-heart-artery-disease-

"a measure of the strength of the relationship or interdependence between two variables" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#correlation

"a class of steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that has effects on glucose and electrolyte balance including glucocorticoid, cortisol, and aldosterone

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#corticosteroid

"one of the corticosteroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol is released when the body is under stress or when blood glucose is decreased"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cortisol

"the costameres join myofibrils at the Z-disk and extend into the connective tissue around each cell (endomysium) to connect with adjacent myocytes at their Z-disk"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#costamere

a small nitrogen-containing molecule that when bound with phosphate can serve as an immediate supply of energy, transferring the phosphate to ADP to form ATP. Creatine is a popular supplement for strength training athletes and is used in therapy for several pathologies. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#creatine

"an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: ADP + Creatine phosphate  gives   ATP + Creatine" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#creatine

"a high energy phosphate molecule that serves to buffer ATP concentration by the creatine kinase reaction" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#creatine

"a breakdown product of creatine. A very small proportion of creatine is converted to creatinine each day" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#creatinine

"the asymptote of the relationship between power and endurance, obtained by completion of at least three time-trials selected in anticipation of completion in 3 to 15 min" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#critical-power

"the asymptote of the relationship between speed and endurance, obtained by completion of at least three time-trials selected in anticipation of completion in 3 to 15 min" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#critical-speed-cs-

"when the myosin head binds to actin, it forms a cross-bridge. This binding between actin and myosin initiates release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and results in a conformational change to the myosin configuration that causes force generation and/or motion" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cross-bridge

"proposed by A.F. Huxley, the cross-bridge theory explains how muscle contraction occurs; myosin projections (myosin heads) bind to actin, forming a force generating cross-bridge" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cross-bridge-theory-

"a measure of the rate of cycling of cross-bridges. The units would be s-1, indicating the number of unitary cross-bridge cycles per second" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cross-bridge-turnover-

"a classical experimental approach to demonstrate the capability of changing fibre type within a muscle. In this animal study, the nerve of one muscle is cut and inserted into a muscle of different fibre type" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cross-reinnervation

"physical activity and health variables are measured at the same point in time across different populations of subjects and the researchers examine whether the variables are related or vary between the populations" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cross-sectional-studies-

"a reflex extension that originates from sensory input from the opposite side. The reflex typically results in leg extension when the opposite leg experiences pain. The end result of this action is withdrawal from the pain-inducing stimulus while allowing support of the body by the opposite limb"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cer

"C-reactive protein: a specific protein produced by the liver that circulates in the blood and increases in concentration during an inflammatory response" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#crp

an organization of academics, involved in the study and teaching of exercise physiology. The CSEP membership includes certified personal trainers and certified exercise physiologists, practitioners of exercise administration for Canadians. CSEP regulates and provides the means for obtaining these certifications. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#CSEP

"the rate at which charged particles moves along a specific path, or past a certain location" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#current

"finding the appropriate constants for an equation that allows a close fit of the line representing the data showing a pattern between by two variables; usually by least squares analysis" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#curve-fitting

"small molecules released from various tissues and having regulatory function on the same tissue or other tissues. For example, muscle can release cytokines that affect muscle growth and development, but also can effect nerve changes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cytokine

"an internal frame, like that for a tent, but for individual cells.  The cytoskeleton is formed with several proteins including actin, actinin, desmin, dystrophin and many more" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#cytoskeleton

"a means by which a tissue or organism defends its integrity. Defense mechanisms include barriers, enzymes, binding proteins, antibodies and immune cells"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#defense-mechanism--

"relative loss of body fluids. Dehydration can be the result of excessive loss of fluid through sweating, vomiting or diarrhea. Alternatively, dehydration can be the result of inadequate fluid intake" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dehydration

"a general term for conditions of disease and neuronal degradation leading to decreased memory and cognitive skills" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dementia

"branched projections of the neural cell body (soma) that carry activation and inhibitory current from converging neural input to the soma where an action potential is generated if the membrane potential at the axon hillock reaches threshold" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dendrite

"a genetic code in the form of sequence of nucleic acids (cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine). Structured as a double-stranded a helix, DNA encodes specific sequences of amino acids for protein structure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#deoxyribonucleic-acid

a change from a polarized state towards a nonpolarized state. Excitable membranes are polarized, that is they have a charge separation across the membrane.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#depolarization

"statistical values that allow quantification of a sample; this includes measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode) and measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#descriptive-statistics-

"intermediate filament contributing to the cytoskeleton of cells and the Z-disk of myocytes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#desmin

"the process of growth and maturation from the perspective of the early years when body parts grow; functions and capabilities expand" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#development

"dual X-Ray absorptiometry: a technique to assess body composition by transmission of X-rays at two energy levels across the body and detection of the % transmission to quantify the density of tissue. The technique is able to differentiate fat, muscle and bone" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/123473/layout#dexa

"dihydropyridine receptor: a channel that typically allows calcium to flow across a membrane; in skeletal muscle, the DHPR is a modified calcium channel in the sarcolemma of the transverse-tubules; these channels function as voltage detectors and interact directly with ryanodine receptors, the Ca2+ channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dhpr

"a disease that affects the ability of tissues to take up glucose from the blood. There are two main forms of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as juvenile diabetes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#diabetes

"the lateral vascular pressure immediately prior to cardiac ejecction; the lowest arterial blood pressure during the cardiac cyclle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#diastolic-pressure-

"a system of nutritional recommendations that provides dietary requirements for vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dri

"when the delivery of a substance within the body is inadequate because its diffusion is not sufficient" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#diffusion-limitation--

a channel that typically allows calcium to flow across a membrane; in skeletal muscle, the DHPR is a modified calcium channel in the sarcolemma of the transverse-tubules; these channels function as voltage detectors and interact directly with ryanodine receptors, the Ca2+ channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dhpr

"a statistical term referring to how varied the measurements of a given variable are. Examples of measures of dispersion include variance, standard deviation and standard error of the mean" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dispersion

"when the inhibition of the antagonist occurs by a neural pathway involving just two synapsis" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#reciprocal-innervation

"accelerated production of urine by the kidneys" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#diuresis

"pathways splitting into two or more paths. This applies to neural pathways via axons that branch or tubes associated with airway or blood movement"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#divergence

"deoxyribonucleic acid: a genetic code in the form of sequence of nucleic acids (cytosine, guanine, adenine, and thymine). Structured as a double-stranded a helix, DNA encodes specific sequences of amino acids for protein structure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#deoxyribonucleic-acid

"neurons of the dorsal respiraory group initiate inspiration, so are responsible for the rate of breathing; located in the medulla"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-centre

"the effectiveness of a drug or toxic chemical can be evaluated by measurement of the anticipated response or outcome relative to the concentration of the drug" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dose-response-relationship-

"a technique for assessment of whole body energy cost over days" 

"dietary reference intake: a system of nutritional recommendations that provides dietary requirements for vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dri

"a technique to assess body composition by transmission of X-rays at two energy levels across the body and detection of the % transmission to quantify the density of tissue. The technique is able to differentiate fat, muscle and bone; also, DEXA or DXA" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/123473/layout#dexa

"a device to measure force. The most common dynamometer used in exercise physiology is the hand-grip dynamometer"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dynamometer

"an aggregation of transcellular proteins including dystrophin with attachment to the extracellular glycocalyx matrix"  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dystroglycan-complex

"cytoskeletal protein of skeletal muscle that inserts into the membrane and via the dystroglycan complex, allows lateral force transmission to the extracellular connective tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#dystrophin

"also referred to as Euler’s number, e is equal to the sum of all values for (1+1/n)to the n, where n is the set of integers from 1 to infinity. Euler’s number can be approximated to equal 2.71828182846" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#e-

"excitation-contraction coupling: the signaling process from generation of an action potential on the muscle membrane to initiation of contraction "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#-e-cc-

"a type of muscle contraction that resists but allows lengthening. The active muscle serves as a brake to slow the rate of lengthening. Also known as a lengthening contraction" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#eccentric

"the energy cost of doing a task. Any task can have an economy: walking, running, knee bends, assembly line labour, grocery shopping etc. "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#economy

"the energy cost to move from one position to another, by any mode of locomotion: walk, run, cycle, hand walk"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#economy-of-locomotion-

"European College of Sport Science: an international organization that promotes knowledge and awareness of the science of sports. The ECSS organizes an International conference each year where scientists can present their latest research to their peers" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#european-college-of-sport-science-ecss

"end diastolic volume: the volume of the ventricle at end diastole, or just before ejection of the stroke volume" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#end-diastolic-volume

"a means by which a change is accomplished. An effector can be a molecule that triggers some change in the body, a muscle that accomplishes a change in position or heat generation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#effector

refers to going to something. An efferent neuron is one that is goes from the central nervous system to a target organ. Interestingly, the efferent neuron typically will activate an effector, an organ that can bring about change.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#efferent

"the ratio expressing conservation of energy, also the ratio of energy out to energy in. Efficiency is often used to show the relative preservation of energy in the form of mechanical work" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#efficiency

"referring to or describing the status of a system or circumstance with respect to relative magnitude of useful energy output for a given energy input"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#efficient

"a protein of the extracellular matrix with a high degree of elasticity. This protein gives tissues the property of restoring structure after deformation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#elastin

"the driving force allowing an ion to cross a membrane; this is a combination of concentration gradient and electromotive force"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electrolyte

"any substance that will be charged when dissolved in solution, including potassium, sodium, and chloride" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electrolyte

electrolyte balance is when the primary electrolytes in the body, including: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, H+, Pi, HCO3-, and Mg2+are at the proper concentration inside and outside the cells of the body. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electrolyte-balance-

"measurement of the muscle activation pattern by electrodes placed on the skin over the muscles or by intramuscular electrodes. EMG detects the waves of depolarization of muscle cells under the electrode(s)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#emg

"a sequence of protein complexes in the mitochondria, also called electron transport chain, that react with an electron donor (NADH or FADH2). In the process of transferring the electron between cytochromes and by coupling with proton pumps, H+ is transported into the intermembrane space, decreasing pH in this space"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electron-transfer-chain-

"a chemical technique that involves applying a voltage across a sheet of gel when a solution containing a tissue extract has been placed on the edge of the gel"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electrophoresis

"electromyography: measurement of the muscle activation pattern by electrodes placed on the skin over the muscles or by intramuscular electrodes. EMG detects the waves of depolarization of muscle cells under the electrode(s)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#emg

"the volume of the ventricle at end diastole, or just before ejection of the stroke volume" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#end-diastolic-volume

"the structural parts of the myocyte lying beneath the nerve terminal where the nerve terminal connects (synapses) with the muscle cell, also called motor end-plate"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#end-plate

"a molecular signaling process that relies on specialized cells in the body that release the chemical messenger into the blood"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#end-systolic-volume

"the process of taking a tiny volume of extracellular fluid, and its constituents into the cell by formation of a small vesicle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#endocytosis

"a thin layer of connective tissue, primarily collagen, around each myocyte" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#endomysium

cells lining the heart chambers, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.  This layer of cells is just one cell thick at the capillary level, but can be 6 cells thick in larger vessels.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#endothelial-cells-

"the ability to persist with a physical task. Endurance is often evaluated at relative exercise intensity" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#endurance

"the performance of regular exercise with the intention of improving endurance (the ability to persist with a task) of a specific movement pattern or form of locomotion" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#endurance

"the difference in energy intake versus energy expenditure. This represents energy available for extraordinary circumstances or is stored as fat"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#energy-availability-

"when caloric intake is equal to energy expenditure over an extended period of time. For example, this can be indicated by stable body weight"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#energy-balance-

"a measure of the proportion of usable energy from ATP, represented as the following ratio: ([ATP]+.5[ADP])/([ATP]+[ADP]+[AMP])"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#energy-charge-

"the conversion of energy from one form to another. For example, chemical energy is converted to mechanical energy by the myosin ATPase of muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#energy-transduction-

"an enzyme is a protein that accelerates a chemical reaction, by reducing the energy barrier for the reactants to proceed to the products"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#enzyme

"also known as fascia, envelopes each muscle in a thick layer of connective tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#epimysium

"a hormone of the sympathetic nervous system, also known as adrenaline. Epinephrine accelerates heart rate, increases cardiac contractility and can cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction, depending on the receptor activated" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#epinephrine

"excess postexercise oxygen consumption; the total oxygen uptake, above the resting level that is taken into the body during the time immediately after an exercise, that is accumulated until the rate of oxygen uptake returns to the resting level"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#epic

the theoretical charge separation across a membrane required to maintain the concentration gradient for a given ion if the membrane was freely permeable to that ion.  The equilibrium potential is unique for each ion and is dependent on the concentration gradient at the time.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#equilibrium-potential

"any food, chemical, substance, or training method that can enhance performance. Common examples of ergogenic aids include drugs like caffeine or anabolic steroids" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#ergogenic-aid-

"a device to measure work. The most common ergometer used in exercise physiology is the cycle ergometer; a stationary cycle that allows work and power to be measured"

"the process of synthesis of new red blood cells (erythrocytes)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#erythropoiesis

"a hormone, synthesized in the kidneys in response to hypoxia, that signals the bone marrow to make more red blood cells"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#erythropoietin

"any dietary substance that is not produced endogenously. We must consume essential nutrients in our diet to ensure adequacy"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#essential-nutrient-

"end-systolic volume: the volume of the ventricle at end of systole, or just after ejection of the stroke volume" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#end-systolic-volume

"electron transport or transfer chain: a sequence of protein complexes in the mitochondria, that react with an electron donor (NADH or FADH2). In the process of transferring the electron between cytochromes and by coupling with proton pumps, H+ is transported into the intermembrane space, decreasing pH in this space"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#electron-transfer-chain-

"the prefix “eu” means neutral, so when someone is euhydrated, it means the individual is neutrally hydrated; does not have more or less water in the body than is necessary" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#euhydrated

"Euler’s number, e is equal to the sum of all values for (1+1×n -1)n, where n is the set of integers from 1 to infinity. Euler’s number can be approximated to equal 2.71828182846" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#e-

"adequate breathing or alveolar ventilation for the metabolic state of the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#eupnea

"an international organization that promotes knowledge and awareness of the science of sports. The ECSS organizes an International conference each year where scientists can present their latest research to their peers" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#european-college-of-sport-science-ecss

"the conversion of a liquid to a gaseous state" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#evaporation

describing the process of transition from fluid to gas

"the total oxygen uptake, above the resting level that is taken into the body during the time immediately after an exercise, that is accumulated until the rate of oxygen uptake returns to the resting level; also EPOC" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#epic

The process of bringing the state of a cell from a resting condition to one of generation of an action potential.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#-e-cc-

"the signalling process from generation of an action potential on the muscle membrane to initiation of contraction; also, E-CC"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#-e-cc-

planned, systematic physical activity, with the purpose of improving fitness and/or health

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#exercise

"hyperventilation is essentially an elevated ventilation, beyond that needed for support of metabolic use of oxygen"

http://planned, systematic physical activity, with the purpose of improving fitness and/or health

the study of how the body adjusts acutely and adapts chronically to the challenge of maintaining the internal milieu during exercise. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#exercise

"the process of taking a tiny volume of intracellular fluid, and its constituents out of the cell by extrusion of the contents of a small vesicle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#exocytosis

"an investigative research project that manipulates the test subjects or imposes an intervention to test an hypothesis"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#experimental-study-

"the act of exhaling air from the lungs" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#expiration

"the air that can be exhaled during maximal effort after a normal expiration"   https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#expiratory-reserve-volume-

"when the change in value of one variable changes in proportion to its current value with progressive change in the value of another variable"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#exponential

"that a research conclusion can be applied more generally than to the specific population under study"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#external-validity

"refers to the space or volume in the body that lies outside the cells. This includes not only the space between cells in the various organs, but also the plasma"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#extracellular

"the voluntary muscle fibres that respond to activation of the alpha motoneuron" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#extrafusal-muscle-fibre-

"the electric charge of one mole of electrons or 96485.332132 per mole" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#faraday-constant

"bundles of cells in a muscle. A fascicle is a group of muscle cells, bound by epimysium" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fascicle

"a fibre-type classification of skeletal muscle cells with a high maximal velocity of shortening and a short time to peak tension for a twitch"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fast-twitch-

"Fats are various sized molecules of carbon and hydrogen, including: phospholipids, cholesterol and triglycerides"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fats

"the mass of the body, exclusive of fat" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fat-free-mass

"impaired force generation for a given stimulation, usually as a consequence of prior activation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fatigue

"a regulatory process that relies on sensory input to control something at a set level"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#feed-back-control-

"a regulatory process that relies on anticipation of an impending disturbance to the value of some variable and effecting change before or as that disturbance would have occurred" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#feed-forward-control-

"a pathological condition found in some female athletes who are in a negative energy balance due to over training and under nutrition. The three symptoms of the triad include amenorrhea, loss of bone mineral density, and disordered eating"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#female-athlete-triad-

"a term used to classify skeletal muscle fibre properties; typically fast-twitch and slow-twitch, based on myosin isoform in mammalian muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

"(V(dot)O2 = Q(dot)a×O2-Q(dot)v×O2 or Q(dot)×(aO2-vO2) is based on the principle that the amount of substance taken up by an organ (or organism) is equal to the amount delivered minus the amount coming out" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fick-equation

"the Fick principle is the underlying principle of the Fick equation. The general Fick equation is based on the principle that the amount of substance taken up by an organ (or organism) is equal to the amount delivered minus the amount coming out"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fick-principle

"the amount of gas moving across a sheet of tissue is proportional to its surface area and inversely proportional to its thickness"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#ficks-law-diffusion-

"physical fitness is a term referring to generalized health and capability. In reality, fitness is specific for a task, and fitness assessment will evaluate several components of health and capability including cardiovascular health, strength, flexibility, and pulmonary health"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fitness

"also called an isometric contraction, a contraction for which the ends of the muscle are held in a constant position, such that the length of the muscle-tendon unit does not change" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fixed-end-contraction-

"sensory neurons carrying information from pain receptors (nociceptors) in the periphery with multisynaptic input to the central nervous system, result in activation of ipsilateral flexor muscles, inhibition of ipsilateral extensors and activation of contralateral extensors"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#flexor-reflex-afferent

"keeping the total amount of water in the body at the correct amount would be considered fluid balance. This requires ingesting as much fluid as is lost from the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fluid-intake

"fluid or liquid is a state of matter that can flow or occupy a container with irregular boundaries. Fluid intake is the amount of fluid consumed including the water content of solid foods" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fluid-intake

"the quantifiable relationship between [Ca2+] and isometric force" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#force-calcium-relationship-

"the dependence of isometric force on frequency of activation. As frequency increases, isometric force of contraction increases in a sigmoidal fashion. "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#force-frequency-relationship-

"the dependence of isometric force on the sarcomere length of the muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#force-frequency-relationship-

"the relationship between force generation and velocity of the shortening of a muscle (fibre, motor unit, whole muscle, or muscle group)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#force-velocity-relationship-

"the volume of air forcefully expelled from the fully inflated lungs until no air can be further exhaled"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#forced-vital-capacity-fvc-

"a break in the continuity of a bone. A fracture can be a crack or a complete dissociation of a bone into two or more parts" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fracture

"a highly reactive molecule (or atom) with unpaired electrons that is usually formed with interactions with oxygen."

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#free-radical-

"activation of the motor nerves and corresponding muscle fibres at a given frequency. Rate coding can affect the force of muscle contraction according to the force-frequency relationship of each motor unit"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rate-coding

"the state of the body that allows pursuit of normal and desired activities without pain"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#functional-health-

"spindle-shaped muscle fibres that lie in parallel with the line of action of a muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fusiform-muscle-

"a hormone receptor embedded in a membrane that responds to hormone binding by activating a guanosine nucleotide dependent enzyme" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#-gpcr

efferent neuron originating in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and innervating the muscle spindle.  Activation of the gmotor neuron will stiffen the spindle, accentuating its response (frequency of afferent signalling) to length change.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gamma-motor-neuron-

Gatorade is a sport beverage, initially formulated by Robert Cade, a Renal Physiologist from the University of Florida.  The constituents of Gatorade were prepared to replenish fluid and electrolyte loss of the University of Florida Gator football team.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gatorade

" an organization that supports collaborations for education and research on the sport sciences"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gatorade

"the process by which the heritable information of a gene is expressed as a functional product"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gene-expression-

"a hormone released from the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#glucagon

"the formation of new glucose" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gluconeogenesis

" a tool used to classify carbohydrates on their ability to raise blood glucose"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#glycemic-index-gi-

"a polymer of glucose units serving as storage of this valuable carbohydrate, primarily in liver and muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#glycogen

"the hydrolysis of glucose units from a glycogen molecule" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#glycogenolysis

"the sequential breakdown of glucose in an energy conserving manner, resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#glycolysis

"sensory receptor, detecting force exerted on a tendon"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#golgi-tendon-organ

"G-protein coupled receptor: a hormone receptor embedded in a membrane that responds to hormone binding by activating a guanosine nucleotide dependent enzyme" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#-gpcr

"when the membrane potential changes gradually, and to varying amounts, with only passive spread, the potential is considered to be graded" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#graded-potentials

"a diagram depicting the quantitative relationship between at least two variables that shows how one (dependent variable) changes in response to changes in the other (independent variable)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#graph-noun-

"the tendency of contact with the ground to change the direction or speed of motion of an object that is in contact "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#ground-reaction-forces-

the active increase of body or organ/tissue size, typically related to development, but also adaptation or hypertrophy.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#growth

"a hormone released by the anterior pituitary, also known as somatotropin, with direct target receptors throughout the body including adipose cells, liver, skeletal muscle, and bone"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#growth-hormone-

"the Gatorade Sport Science Institute is an organization that supports collaborations for education and research on the sport sciences" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#gatorade

"high altitude cerebral edema: fluid accumulation in the brain, resulting in increased fluid pressure within the skull. Symptoms include: headache, nausea and blurred vision" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-hace-

"the production of blood cells from haematopoietic stem cells, mainly in bone marrow"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#haematopoiesis-

"describing stem cells that have the capacity to become blood cells" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#haematopoietic

"a large haeme-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. Each molecule of Hb will bind 4 molecules of oxygen in a cooperative manner" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hb

"two cells, or groups of cells that are reciprocally inhibited such that when one is active the other is inactive; important for reciprocal activation as in during locomotion" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#half-centre-oscillator

"the time needed for something to change by 50 % when the change is exponential"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#half-time

"high altitude pulmonary edema; fluid accumulation in the lungs resulting from high altitude exposure. Symptoms include chest congestion, a feeling of breathlessness (dyspnea) and inability to persist in exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hape-

"an exercise intensity between the aerobic threshold and the anaerobic threshold. This is also referred to as vigorous exercise, or the exercise intensity that is prescribed for health benefits"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hard-intensity

"Haemoglobin: a large haeme-containing protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. Each molecule of Hb will bind 4 molecules of oxygen in a cooperative manner" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#hb

"the average rate at which the heart beats or the number of ejections of stroke volume per minute. Typical values for heart rate at rest are 50 to 80 beats per min" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hr-

" Heat acclimation (or acclimatization) results in initiating sweating at a lower body temperature, increased sweat output, and lower osmolality of sweat" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-acclimatization

"heat balance is when body temperature is maintained constant because the internal heat production and the loss of heat from conduction, convection, and evaporation are equal" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-balance-

"the amount of heat energy that can be absorbed per degree change in temperature. The heat capacity of water is greater than the heat capacity of air" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-capacity-

"Heat-shock proteins bind to proteins that are under threat to denature or become nonfunctional; for this function they are referred to as “chaperone” proteins" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hsp-70-

"Elevated body temperature with normal compensation (increased sweating, increased blood flow to the skin, increased ventilation)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-strain-

"body temperature above 41°C accompanied by decreased sweating, hyperventilation, and rapid heart rate"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-stress-

"a heat illness resulting from a sustained high body temperature with diminished ability to compensate. Risk for heat stroke include sustained exercise in a warm environment without adequate fluid replacement. Symptoms include hot dry skin, high body temperature, dizziness, headache and loss of coordination"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-stroke-

"the ability to maintain close to normal body temperature when exposed to high environmental temperatures"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#tolerance

"typically, motor units are activated in a specific order from smallest to largest; there are exceptions to this principle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#heat-stroke-

"a hexagon is a six-sided shape. A hexagonal array has 6 common elements around a central object"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#hexagonal-array-

"fluid accumulation in the brain, resulting in increased fluid pressure within the skull. Symptoms include: headache, nausea and blurred vision" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-hace-

"high altitude pulmonary edema: fluid accumulation in the lungs resulting from high altitude exposure. Symptoms include chest congestion, a feeling of breathlessness (dyspnea) and inability to persist in exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hape-

"a vague classification of exercise intensity, also referred to as hard; typically considered to be above the anaerobic threshold but below the maximal oxygen uptake" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#high-intensity-

"a technique that allows identification of chemical composition of tissue at the microscopic level"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-histochemical-adjective-

"a process, function, or outcome that depends on recent events associated with the parts involved"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#history-dependence-

"keeping things constant. Homeostasis refers to keeping the internal environment constant with respect to temperature and ion concentration" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#homeostasis

"referring to a situation where chemical and thermal conditions are constant"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#homeostasis

"hypoxic vasoconstriction: decreased partial pressure of O2 in the alveolar spaces results in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoxic-vasoconstriction--

"heart rate: the average rate at which the heart beats or the number of ejections of stroke volume per minute"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hr-

"Heat-shock proteins bind to proteins that are under threat to denature or become nonfunctional; for this function they are referred to as “chaperone” proteins" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#-hsp-70-

immunity provided by substances normally found in the extracellular body fluids.  This includes antibodies, complement proteins, cytokines and other substances that participate in the inflammatory response.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/node/135056/layout#humoral-immunity-

"muscle fibre containing more than one myosin isoform" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hybrid-fibre-

"adding water to the body is hydration" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hydration

"also known as underwater weighing; the gravitational effect on the body while completely submerged"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hydrostatic-weighing-

"increased blood flow, typically achieved through vasodilation, but can also be caused by increased blood pressure"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperaemia

"high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypercapnia

"the increase in minute ventilation resulting from increased partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypercapnic-ventilatory-response--

When the body contains more water than is needed; this state can lead to dilution of important entities like sodium resulting in hyponatremia

higher than usual sodium in the plasma; typically greater than 145 mM.

"growth by increasing cell number in contrast with increasing cell size (hypertrophy)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperplasia

"increased depth and/or rate of breathing" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperpnea

"more polarized than is typical; a greater than normal charge separation across the membrane"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperpolarization

"ion channels that allow only cations to pass through (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) that are activated (opened) when the cell membrane is hyperpolarized" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperpolarization

"high blood pressure. Moderate hypertension is pressure greater than 130/90 mm Hg, severe hypertension is pressure above 140/95 mm Hg" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypertension

"increase in size of a tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypertrophy

when blood volume is greater than the expected amount

"low blood sodium" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyponatremia

"low blood pressure, due to inadequate hydration, compromised cardiac output, or widespread vasodilation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypotension

"a part of the brain found under the thalamus that is responsible for regulation of secretion of a number of hormones by the anterior pituitary" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypothalamus

" a proposed mechanism or theory that can be tested by research"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypothesis

"inadequate alveolar ventilation or not breathing enough" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoventilation

"low content of O2 in the arterial blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoxemia

"when the partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood or a part of the body is less than adequate"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoxia

"decreased partial pressure of O2 in the alveolar spaces results in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterioles"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoxic-vasoconstriction--

"the increase in minute ventilation resulting from decreased partial pressure of O2 in the arterial blood"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hypoxic-ventilatory-response--

"insulin-like growth factor-1: a hormone that promotes tissue growth. It has a structure similar to insulin and is produced by many tissues, including the skeletal muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#insulin

"hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: ion channels that allow only cations to pass through (Na+, K+ and Ca2+) that are activated (opened) when the cell membrane is hyperpolarized"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#hyperpolarization

"the bodies defense system that identifies foreign compounds in the body and destroys and eliminates them"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#immune-system-

"the study of the immune response in the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#immunology

"the process in the body of monitoring the need for an immune response; detecting and ridding the body of infection and foreign bodies"  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#immunosurveillance-

" a measure of the number of citations for a given journal. The impact factor is calculated by considering the number of citations of articles published by a journal in a two-year period, divided by the number of articles published by that journal" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#impact-factor-

"when tissue is studied in its natural habitat, and only partly disturbed from in vivo circumstances"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#in-situ

"when tissue is studied after removal from the body or natural environment, this classification is 'in vitro'"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#in-vitro

"experimental procedures conducted while maintaining the intact living state"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#in-vivo-

"a second gate on an ion channel. For example, the fast sodium channel of axon and muscle fibre membranes"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inactivation-gate

"when a random sample is chosen from a defined population and a specific measure is taken to estimate a property of the population, it is called inferential statistics" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inferential-statistics-

"the response of the body or a body-part to injury infection that includes: increased blood flow, swelling and tenderness or pain" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inflammation

"natural processes in the body that detect the presence of bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#innate-immunity--

"the number of muscle fibres innervated by a single motor neuron" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#innervation-ratio-

"magnitude of impediment to current flow, usually across a membrane"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#input-resistance

"narrow tendinous band of stiff connective tissue, separating two parts of an otherwise continuous muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inscription

"the act of breathing in. Air moving into the lungs" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inspiration

"the extra air that can be inhaled during maximal effort from the end of a normal inspiration"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#inspiratory-reserve-volume-

"a hormone released by pancreatic beta cells in response to high blood sugar; insulin binds to membrane receptors and facilitates transport of glucose into the cell" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#insulin

a hormone that promotes tissue growth. It has a structure similar to insulin and is produced by many tissues, including the skeletal muscle.https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#insulin

"amplitude or size of the electromyographic (EMG) signal after rectifying or making all values positive"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#integrated-electromyographic-amplitude--

"expression of intensity of exercise relative to a standard, like maximal oxygen uptake" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#relative-intensity-

"the higher the intensity of exercise, the shorter the duration of exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#intensity-duration-relationship-

"between myofibrils. The space between myofibrils is called the intermyofibrillar space"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#intermyofibrillar

"the environment inside the body, but outside the individual cells that make up the body"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#internal-milieu-

"neither sensory nor motor but a connecting neuron" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interneuron

"when a single stimulus is applied to the motor nerve or directly to the muscle during a voluntary contraction, the resulting contractile response is called an interpolated twitch" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interpolated-twitch--

"the duration of time between action potentials on a nerve or muscle fibre"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interspike-interval

"relating to the space between cells within a tissue. This can refer to the fluid, connective tissue or specific molecules"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interstitial

"the space between cells, also called interstitial space. This space is filled with fluid called interstitial fluid or intercellular fluid" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interstitium

"exercise for the purpose of improving physical performance that involves repeated trials at high intensity with rest intervals between trials" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#interval-training-

"within the confines of the cellular membrane" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#intracellular

"a ligand-gated receptor that has a direct effect on transmembrane permeability to a specific ion"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#intracellular

"a receptor that binds acetylcholine, but could also bind nicotine, that results in a direct change in permeability of the membrane to a specific ion or class of ions" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#intracellular

referring to the same side of the body as some reference point. Opposite of contralateral (opposite side)

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#ipsilateral

lacking blood flow

"a protein that is a member of a group of proteins with the same function that originate from the same gene but have slightly different structure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#isoform

"motion at a constant velocity or angular velocity"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#isokinetic

"when contraction of a muscle results in no length change, it is referred to as static or isometric"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#isometric

"a line on a map or a graph linking equal values" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#isopleth

" means 'constant force' and represents a valuable way to study muscle contractions "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#isotonic

"when a moment is produced at a joint, the opposing bones must press on each other with a force (equal and opposing) that is dependent on the moment https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#joint-reaction-forces-

"transmembrane protein that contains a pore through which potassium can selectively move"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#k-channel

"Kainic acid dissociates to Kainate and H+. Kainate binds to one of four types of central nervous system receptors that are sensitive to glutamate and is excitatory" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#kainate

"kilocalorie: a unit of measure for energy. It is equivalent to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1kg of water by 1°C"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#kilocalorie

"a unit of measure for energy. It is equivalent to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1kg of water by 1°C"; also kcal

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#kilocalorie

"the scientific study of human and animal movement. Kinesiology is a multidisciplinary field of study that incorporates chemistry, physics and biology as well as sociology, psychology and anatomy" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#kinesiology

"the rate at which a reaction or process occurs" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#kinetics

"a three-carbon molecule, derived from glucose by glycolysis. Also, the dissociated product (base) of lactic acid (C3H6O3), which is a weak acid and exists in vivo primarily in the dissociated form." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lactate

"when the blood lactate concentration changes substantially, during an incremental exercise test, the intensity prior to that increase is called the lactate threshold" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lactate

"lactic acid is a 3-carbon molecule (C3H6O3) dissolved in body fluids. It dissociates easily to lactate and H+"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lactic-acid-

"protein connections from the Z-disks to the extracellular matrix (costameres) allow force to be transmitted to adjacent connective tissue and myocytes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lateral-transfer-of-force

"physical activity performed outside of the occupational or domestic setting" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#leisure-time-physical-activity-

"based on the observation that optimal length (length at which the highest force occurs) is longer for submaximal activation than for maximal activation, the muscle is thought to have an altered activation at longer lengths"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#length-dependent-activation-

"an ion channel, that has a binding location for a molecule which, when bound to the binding site will cause opening or closing of the pore of the membrane ion channel" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#ligand-gated-ion-channel

"fitting the data to a linear equation. The least squares method is used to find the best fit of a slope and intercept to a set of data"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#linear-regression-

"an antigenic lipid molecule joined with several sugar moieties, typically found in the membrane of gram negative bacteria"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-lps-

the act of moving the entire body over some distance; for example, walking from your house to the University.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#locomotion

having the ability to move or contributing to movement.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#locomotor

"skeletal muscles that contribute to locomotion, the movement of the body that accomplishes relocation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#locomotor

"making a system less responsive to excitatory stimuli for a prolonged time (hours)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#long-term-depression

"an enhanced responsiveness to synaptic input that lasts for hours" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#long-term-depression

"research conducted to quantify change across some interval of time"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#longitudinal-study--

"also known as “mild” intensity. There are often considered to be two “zones” of light intensity exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#low-light

"lipopolysaccharide; an antigenic lipid molecule joined with several sugar moieties, typically found in the membrane of gram negative bacteria" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-lps-

"a distributed series of tissues and vessels including a thin walled vascular system that parallels the venous system, returning fluid (lymph) lost from the capillaries " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lymphatic-system

"a small white blood cell with a small round nucleus, found in high concentration in lymph"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lymphocyte

"an enzyme that is part of the innate immune system that can hydrolyze specific molecules that are part of gram positive bacterial cell walls" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#lysozyme

"microscopic line along the middle of the sarcomere, dividing the A-band into two parts"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#m-line-

"linking protein of the M-line of the sarcomere; at the middle of the A-band" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myomesin

"a nutrient that is required in relatively large amounts in the diet. The three energy providing macronutrients are carbohydrate, protein, and fat" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#macronutrient

"this approach to statistical evaluation is based on whether or not a change or difference is meaningful"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-mbi-

"a cytokine that regulates protein synthesis. mTOR is a kinase which phosphorylates and activates proteins (e.g. S6Kinase and 4E-BP1)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-mtor-

"the oxygen deficit represents the quantity of oxygen uptake that would be expected during exercise of a given type and intensity but was not evident due to an equivalent amount of anaerobic energy provided for the exercise. When the magnitude of this deficit is as large as possible, then it is called the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#maod-

"growth and development from the immature state towards the fully mature condition"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#maturation

"the oxygen deficit represents the quantity of oxygen uptake that would be expected during exercise of a given type and intensity but was not evident due to an equivalent amount of anaerobic energy provided for the exercise. When the magnitude of this deficit is as large as possible, then it is called the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit" (MAOD)

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#maod-

"the intensity of exercise that elicits maximal oxygen uptake. This intensity is often defined according to the exercise intensity during an incremental test that first elicits maximal oxygen uptake" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#maximal-exercise-intensity-

"the highest intensity of exercise that allows a steady state for blood lactate"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#mlss-

"the highest value for oxygen uptake per minute that can be achieved by an individual, usually noted for a given exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#maximal-oxygen-uptake-v-%CC%87o2max-

myoglobin: a haeme-containing molecule that binds oxygen and is present in muscle.  Diffusion of oxygen is facilitated by myoglobin.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myoglobin

this approach to statistical evaluation is based on whether or not a change or difference is meaningful.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-mbi-

"the mathematical average, or sum of all values divided by the number of samples"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#maximal-oxygen-uptake-v-%CC%87o2max-

"lateral pressure in the arteries, averaged over time" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#map

"interactions or influences between systems that are dependent on physical factors that affect function"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mechanical-interactions--

"sensors within the body that detect motion, length, force, or pressure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mechanoreceptors

"control of cardiovascular responses to exercise are apparently regulated by afferent input from metaborecptors and mechanoreceptors located in muscles" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mechanoreceptors

"a measure of central tendency that is represented by the middle value when all values are ranked from lowest to highest"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#median

"the measured voltage difference across a membrane" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#membrane-potential

"the magnitude with which current is impeded in travelling across a cell membrane"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#membrane-potential

"maintaining an appropriate state of psychological well-being or able to function suitably in terms of emotional and psychological state"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mental-health-

"one MET is considered equivalent to resting metabolic rate or 3.5 ml×kg-1×min-1" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metabolite

"statistical evaluation of the evidence from several published studies" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#meta-analysis-

"one MET is considered equivalent to resting metabolic rate or 3.5 ml×kg-1×min-1" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metabolite

"a chemical substance that serves as the starting point for energy metabolism in the body. Fatty acids and glucose are the primary metabolic substrates" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metabolic-substrate-

"intermediate product of metabolism or chemical process in the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metabolite

"neural receptors that are sensitive to metabolic products in the interstitial space. Metabolic products include CO2, potassium, and H+"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metaboreceptor

"a reflex increase in ventilation and circulation in response to increased metabolic rate. Stimulation of the metaboreceptors is thought to be the triggering event" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metaboreflex

"a membrane protein that responds when the appropriate ligand binds to it by a cascade of reactions resulting in second messenger response within the cell" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#metabotropic-receptor

"a category of nutrients that are required by the body in small amounts. Includes vitamins and minerals"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#micronutrient

"when exercise intensity is called “mild”, it involves a small relative increase in metabolic rate above resting level"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mild

"inorganic substances (atoms or elements) required for life in relatively small amounts"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mineral

"the amount of air moved into (VdotI) or out of (VdotE) the lungs in a minute" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#minute-ventilation

"plural of mitochondrion, an organelle with a double membrane that contains the enzymes needed for oxidative metabolism"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-mitochondria

"in or associated with the mitochondria" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mitochondrial

"the cellular process of increasing mitochondrial mass and copy number" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mitochondrial-biogenesis-

"the amount of oxygen bound and dissolved in a volume of mixed venous blood. Mixed venous blood is a mixture of blood returning from all organs and tissues to the heart and is well represented by a sample of pulmonary artery blood" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#cv-%CC%85o2-

"that portion of the gas pressure contributed by carbon dioxide in the mixed venous blood; usually sampled from the pulmonary artery"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#PvCO2

"the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction resulting in the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mlck-

"the highest intensity of exercise that allows a steady state for blood lactate" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#mlss-

"the most commonly occurring value in a set of measurements" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mode

"an intensity of physical activity that can typically be sustained for 1 to 3 hours, or jus below the aerobic threshold"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#moderate

"the range of exercise intensity that is often referred to for exercise prescription for health benefits. This range is from a little below the aerobic threshold to the anaerobic threshold" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mvpa-

"the angular force applied; calculated as tangential force times the motor arm, measured as the perpendicular distance between the centre of rotation and the line of action of the force" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#moment

"the relationship between moment (tangential force times the moment arm) and angular velocity. This relationship is synonymous with the force-velocity relationship, but applies to in vivo circumstances" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#moment-angular-velocity-relationship-

"small molecules having single carboxylate group, like lactate and pyruvate" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#monocarboxylate

"a neural pathway typically involving the affector (sensory) neuron synapsing with the effector (motor) neuron" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#monosynaptic-pathway

"describing structure having to do with life" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-morphological

"changes in body size or proportion that occur in response to some environmental circumstance or chronic stress of that body or body part"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#morphological-adaptation--

"study of the structure and form of a biological body or part thereof" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#morphology

"refers to the tendency to die" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mortality

"a neuron originating in the ventral horn of the spinal cord an innervating a number of extrafusal muscle fibres within a portion of a specific muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alpha-motor-neuron

"a neuron originating in the ventral horn of the spinal cord an innervating a number of extrafusal muscle fibres within a portion of a specific muscle"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#alpha-motor-neuron

"a collection of cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord that connect to a single muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#motor-neuron-pool--

a motor neuron and all muscle fibres innervated by that motor neuron. Motor unit size can vary between muscles and within a muscle.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#motor-unit-

"initiation of activation of a motor unit or a collection of motor units" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#motor-unit-recruitment--

"a cytokine that regulates protein synthesis. mTOR is a kinase which phosphorylates and activates proteins (e.g. S6Kinase and 4E-BP1)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#-mtor-

"a muscle with complex structure where there are several angles of fibre orientation"  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#multipennate

"refers to ability of muscle to change its physiological and metabolic functions over time when regularly stressed; for example, when subjected to resistance training"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#muscle-adaptation-

"the nature of the structure of muscle in terms of protein content. In particular, muscle composition often refers to fibre-type"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#muscle-composition--

"sensory organ of the muscle that is sensitive to length and rate of change of length" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-muscle-spindle

"the ability of the muscle or muscle group to generate force" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#muscle-strength--

"a collection of muscle cells (myocytes) or portions of such cells; this can be smooth, cardiac or skeletal muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#muscle-tissue-

"an assessment of the capabilities of the musculoskeletal system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#musculoskeletal-fitness-

"moderate to vigorous physical activity; the range of exercise intensity that is often referred to for exercise prescription for health benefits. This range is from a little below the aerobic threshold to the anaerobic threshold" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mvpa-

"a fatty substance, synthesized by glial cells in the central nervous system and by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myelin

"a muscle cell (also a fibre). Like most cells of the body, a myocyte contains several organelles, however because the myocyte is often quite long (can be several cm long in adult human muscle), the myocyte contains multiple nuclei "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/gra-max#m-line-

"a tubular organelle in skeletal and cardiac muscle composed of sequential sarcomeres" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myofibril

having to do with the myofibril

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myofibril

"strand-like structure in myocyte. Actin, myosin, titin and nebulin are myofilaments" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myofilament

"growth and development of muscle tissue, including creation of new muscle fibres" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myogenesis

"a haeme-containing molecule that binds oxygen and is present in muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myoglobin

"small molecules that are released from muscle cells and serve to regulate some function of the same cells or neighbouring cells"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myokine

"linking protein of the M-line of the sarcomere; at the middle of the A-band" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myomesin

"the cytoplasmic volume surrounding a myonucleus, the nucleus of a myocyte" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myonuclear-domain-

"the fluid and gel-like substance in the muscle cell"

"that portion of the myosin head that comprises an enzyme with the capability to hydrolyze ATP, forming adenosine diphosphate and releasing energy from the high-energy phosphate bond" http://a molecular motor. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myosin

"that portion of the myosin molecule that includes: actin binding site, ATP binding site, lever arm and light-chain binding sites"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myosin

"the heavy chain of myosin can be divided into different domains: head, neck, and tail. The head is the motor domain and the neck undergoes a lever action to accomplish motion" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#myosin-heavy-chain-

"a low molecular weight molecule, attached to the myosin head; one form, the regulatory light chain, that can be phosphorylated by the enzyme, MLCK and the other form is known as the essential light chain" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#rlc-

"the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction resulting in the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chains of myosin"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mlck-

"a membrane receptor, also classified as an ionotropic receptor, that will bind glutamate, usually at a synapse in the central nervous system"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#NMDA

"sodium channel. A transmembrane protein that has a pore through which sodium can selectively move" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#na-channel

"filamentous protein located in sarcomere of skeletal muscle in association with actin." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nebulin

"end of the axon, where synapse with a target tissue or subsequent neuron occurs" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nerve-terminus

a network of neurons in the central nervous system that provide repeated on and off activation, often associated with repeating functions like breathing.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#network-driven-oscillator

"training associated improved ability to perform a task with resistance by improved activation of motor units"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neural-adaptations-

"improved ability to perform a task with resistance by improved activation of motor units" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neural-adaptations-

"a chemical, released from one neuron that can modulate the response of another, not necessarily at the synapse"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neuromodulator

"nerves and muscles are activated by generation of an action potential that is propagated along the membranes of the respective tissue"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neuromuscular-activation--

"the nerve terminal and end-plate region of the myocyte and the gap between these two constitute the neuromuscular junction"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neuromuscular-junction-

"small molecule or amino acid that serves as a signaling molecule released from a nerve terminal and affecting the target cell (a neuron or other type of cell"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#neurotransmitter

"nuclear factor of activated T-cells; a protein that regulates development of many tissues including skeletal muscle. It activates transcriptional activity of genes important in muscle growth (e.g. IGF-1)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-nfat-

"chemical signaling molecule, but also a free radical (has an unpaired electron)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nitric-oxide-

"N-methyl-d aspartate; a membrane receptor, also classified as an ionotropic receptor, that will bind glutamate, usually at a synapse in the central nervous system"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#NMDA

"nitric oxide; chemical signaling molecule, but also a free radical (has an unpaired electron)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nitric-oxide-

"refers to nerve signals generated by pain or an unusual chemical or concentration of chemical in the body"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nociceptive

"energy metabolism; the formation of ATP without the use of oxygen, sometimes referred to as anaerobic metabolism"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#non-aerobic-metabolism-

"any dietary substance that can be produced by the body and therefore does not need to be supplied by the diet"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#non-essential-nutrient

"a hormone and neurotransmitter released from the adrenal medulla and from nerve terminals of the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#norepinephrine

" nuclear respiratory facctor-1; a transcription factor for a host of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins (NuGEMPs)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nrf-1-

"a protein that regulates development of many tissues including skeletal muscle. It activates transcriptional activity of genes important in muscle growth (e.g. IGF-1)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-nfat-

"a transcription factor for a host of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins (NuGEMPs)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nrf-1-

"abbreviation for ‘nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins’. The mitochondrial genome encodes for 13 proteins. The remaining ~1487 proteins that constitute the mitochondrial proteome are encoded by nuclear genes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nugemps-

"matching nutritional caloric intake with energy expenditure over an extended period of time" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#nutrition-periodization-

"a disease state represented by substantially high amount of body fat, often associated with heart disease, diabetes and hypertension"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#obesity

"onset of blood lactate accumulation; 4 mM blood lactate reached during an incremental exercise test is identified as an important marker of substantial ongoing anaerobic glycolysis" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#obla-

"research that involves direct observation of the subject of interest in their natural environment, without interference"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#observational-study-

"physical activity engaged in as part of an occupation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#occupational-physical-activity-

"the relationship between voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (R) is: V=IR" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#ohms

" 4 mM blood lactate reached during an incremental exercise test is identified as an important marker of substantial ongoing anaerobic glycolysis"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#obla-

"a process of identifying and binding bacteria and other foreign substances by phagocytes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#opsonisation

"the muscle length (or more specifically, sarcomere length) that allows the greatest isometric active force"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#optimal-length-

"a measure of the density of dissolved particles in a solution" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#osmolality

"a measure of the density of dissolved particles in a solution" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#osmolarity

"a condition where bone mineral density is lower than normal, but not yet critical (osteoporosis)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#osteopaenia

"a condition characterized by low bone mineral density. Bone mass is lost due to disease, diet, inadequate physical activity, or aging"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#osteoporosis

"chemical reactions that use oxygen to transduce energy from one chemical form to another"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#oxidative-metabolism-

"the coupling of electron transfer with the f-complex of the mitochondria where ATP is synthesized"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#oxidative-metabolism-

"the waterfall-like decrease in partial pressure of O2 from atmosphere to tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#oxygen-cascade

"the difference between measured oxygen uptake and expected oxygen requirement" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#oxygen-deficit-

"a measure of the rate of use of oxygen in the body, or part of the body by detection of the difference between O2 inhaled and O2 exhaled"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#v-%CC%87o2--

"a collection of cells that spontaneously depolarize, triggering the beat of the heart" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pacemaker

"a collection of neurons that spontaneously depolarize to threshold, activating a response that results in a regular behaviour, like breathing"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pacemaker

"pathogen-associated molecular pattern; a chemical pattern associated with a pathogen that can be recognized by defense units within the invaded organism"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-pamps-

"postactivation potentiation; a form of activity dependent potentiation; enhanced contractile response for a given activation resulting from immediately prior voluntary activation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-pap-

"postactivation performance enhancement; improved performance resulting from performance of a high effort voluntary contraction or sequence of contractions"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-pape-

"swelling of the optic disc due to increased cranial pressure" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#papilloedema

"physical activity readiness questionnaire for medical assessment; a secondary physical activity readiness questionnaire to be filled out by a physician"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#par-med-x-

physical activity readiness questionnaire.  The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology promoted the use of this standardized questionnaire to determine if a change in exercise habits could be undertaken without negative medical implications.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#par-q-

"muscle structure, when muscle fibres are organized into bundles that lie in parallel with the line of action of the muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#parallel-fibred-muscle-

"a part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the gastrointestinal system and the cardiovascular system, without voluntary input"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#parasympathetic-nervous-system-

"that portion of the total pressure exerted by a given gas" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#partial-pressure-

"That portion of the total gas pressure (barometric pressure) exerted by carbon dioxide in mixed venous blood"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pvco2

"a Canadian program that promotes a physically active lifestyle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#participaction

"a calcium-binding protein typically present in type IIb muscle fibres" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pv

"he force with which a muscle resists stretch without activation of the muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#passive-force-

"a substance or organism that can cause disease" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pathogen

"molecular receptors that recognize certain chemical sequences of invading pathogens"

"molecular receptors that recognize certain chemical sequences of invading pathogens" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-prr-

"negative log of the concentration of calcium" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pca2

"when muscle fibres are oriented at an angle to the line of action of a muscle-tendon unit" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pennate-muscle-

"thick layer of connective tissue that divides the muscle into fascicles" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#perimysium

"intermittent breathing, with typically a period of apnea followed by hyperpnea" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#periodic-breathing--\

"peripheral refers to non-central. Central is either central nervous system or central processes like ventilation and circulation. Peripheral factors typically occur in the active muscles, contributing to regulation of central processes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#peripheral-factors-

"all neural tissue outside the brain and spinal cord" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#peripheral-nervous-system-

"within the cardiovascular system, peripheral refers to small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and small veins"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#peripheral-or-vascular-response--

"slowly inactivating Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels that are regulated by voltage allow movement of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#persistent-inward-current

"peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-)1 alpha is a protein that is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pgc-1%CE%B1-

"a cell of the body with the capability to take up debris from the interstitial space by endocytosis" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#phagocyte

"a phosphorylated creatine molecule, which serves as an energy intermediate" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#phosphocreatine

"to add a phosphate group to a molecule" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#phosphorylate

"when a phosphate group has been added to a molecule the reaction is called phosphorylation reaction" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#phosphorylation

"bodily movement resulting from activation of skeletal muscles and requiring energy input" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pa

"classes, embedded in the curriculum, designed to educate the student in physical literacy and to engage in regular physical activity"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#physical-education

"dead space in the pulmonary system is considered volume where gas exchange does not occur" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#physiologic-dead-space-

"chemical compounds found naturally in plant foods that can influence health" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#phytochemical

"persistent inward current; due to slowly inactivating Na+ and Ca2+ ion channels that are regulated by voltage and allow movement of Na+ and Ca2+ into the cell"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#persistent-inward-current

"when muscle fibres are oriented at an angle to the line of action of a muscle-tendon unit" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pinnate-muscle-

white blood cells, lymphocytes, that secrete antibodies, performing an important function in the immune response of the body.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#plasma-cell-

"the lipid bilayer that separates intracellular from extracellular space; surrounds individual cells"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#plasma-membrane-

"the lipid bilayer that separates intracellular from extracellular space; surrounds individual cells"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#plasma-membrane-

"tissue is considered to have plasticity if it can alter structure and function to accommodate different environmental and functional demands"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#plasticity

"the fluid pressure within the pleural space; the membranes between the lungs and the chest wall" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pleural-pressure--

"having a charge separation or charge difference between sides or ends" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#polarized

"unusual increase in the number of red blood cells; consequences include increased viscosity of the blood and strain on the heart"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#polycythaemia

"three of the 5 types of white blood cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including the lymphocytes. The other two are eosinophils and basophils"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#polymorphonuclear-lymphocyte-

"includes the pneumotaxic (regulates termination of inspiration) region; input to the ventral respiratory group;  and apneustic areas, triggers sustained inspiration; input to the dorsal respiratory group.  Located in the pons" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-centre

"improved performance resulting from performance of a high effort voluntary contraction or sequence of contractions"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-pape-

"a form of activity dependent potentiation; enhanced contractile response for a given activation resulting from immediately prior voluntary activation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-pap-

"referring to the period of time immediately following a meal" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#postprandial

describing the structure or function that is the target of synaptic transmission.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#postsynaptic

"describing the structure or function that is the target of synaptic transmission" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#postsynaptic

"a form of activity dependent potentiation; enhanced contractile response for a given activation resulting from immediately prior tetanic stimulation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#posttetanic-potentiation-

" a transporter protein, embedded in the membrane of neurons that transports potassium and chloride out of the cell"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-kcc2

"the rate of energy transfer. Often used to refer to mechanical power, which is the rate of doing mechanical work"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#power

"the reconfiguration of the myosin head in response to binding to actin. This reconfiguration results in force generation and if the resistance to shortening is low enough, motion will result" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#power-stroke

"the relationship between power output and velocity of shortening of a muscle (or angular velocity of joint rotation)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#power-velocity-relationship-

"a small collection of neurons involved in regulation of ventilation and located in the rostral ventrolateral medula and ventral respiratory column" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/5bx-dea#botzinger-complex

"the load imposed on the muscle immediately prior to activation. The preload will dictate the initial length of the muscle "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#preload

a beat of the heart that occurs prior to the anticipated time, originating somewhere in the ventricles rather than at the SA node.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sinus-arrhythmia

"a continuously increasing work of the locomotor muscles, such as, during a ramp protocol maximal exercise test"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#progressive-exercise-

" value representing the slope of a relationship between two variables" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#proportionality-constant-

research conducted by planned recruitment of subjects from a defined population with prescribed measurements conducted.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#prospective-cohort-study-

chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds and configured into a three-dimensional structure. This chain of amino acids will have a three-dimensional structure with a specific function in the body.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#protein

"the production of new proteins through the process of translation where mRNA serves as a template and tRNA brings amino acids for joining to the growing strand"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#protein-synthesis-

"a protein that has several glycosyl units attached" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#proteoglycan

"pattern recognition receptors; molecular receptors that recognize certain chemical sequences of invading pathogens"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#-prr-

"a state of well-being from the perspective of the mind. Also, mental health" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#psychological-health-

"the maturation process described by the transition to adulthood and development of the capability of sexual reproduction"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#puberty

"the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange that occurs between the blood contained within the pulmonary capillary and the air within the lungs"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pulmonary-diffusion-

"the amount of air flowing in and out of the lungs every minute" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pulmonary-ventilation-

"the pressure difference between systolic and diastolic pressures" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pulse-pressure-

"parvalbumin; a calcium-binding protein typically present in type IIb muscle fibres" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#pv

"physical work capacity at a heart rate of 170 beats per min. From the relationship between power output on a cycle ergometer and heart rate "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#pwc170-

"Similar to an experimental study, but lacking true randomization of subjects from the population of interest to the treatment groups"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#experimental-study-

"the ratio of whole body VCO2 and VO2, measured at the pulmonary system; also, RER" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-r-or-rer-

"electromagnetic, light, or heat waves" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#radiation-noun-

"in this type of study, the participants are randomly allocated and some participants will serve in a control group; not receiving the treatment under consideration"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#randomized-controlled-trial-

"activation of the motor nerves and corresponding muscle fibres at a given frequency"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rate-coding

"a method to allow comparison across a broad range of subjects by normalizing a variable by some standard of comparison" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#ratio-standard-

"recommended dietary allowance; the amount of specific nutrients required in the diet, based on the amount required by 97 % of healthy adults" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-rda-

"recommended daily intake; the amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the single day nutritional requirements of 97-98 % of healthy individuals"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-rdi-

"molecules that contain oxygen and easily react with DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-ros-

"a protein molecule that recognizes and binds a very specific signalling molecule in the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#receptor

"neural control of agonist-antagonist pairs of muscles" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#reciprocal-innervation

"the amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the single day nutritional requirements of 97-98 % of healthy individuals" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-rdi-

"the amount of specific nutrients required in the diet, based on the amount required by 97 % of healthy adults" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-rda-

"return to homeostasis after an event that disturbs the normal resting state of an organ or the entire body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#recovery

"duplication or copying of a substance or process; a second process that accomplishes the same thing" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#redundancy

"the absolute refractory period is the time during and immediately following an action potential when the neuron cannot be activated a subsequent time"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#refractory-period

"the process of generating new tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#regeneration

"an effector system that can be altered to allow control of some variable of the physiological system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#regulate

"a low molecular weight molecule, attached to the S1 segment of myosin, that can be phosphorylated by the enzyme, MLCK. This phosphorylation results in increased sensitivity to calcium; more force at a given concentration of Ca2+"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#mlck-

"ingesting fluid to replace fluids lost from the body" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rehydration

"when a charge separation has been reduced then returned to the original value" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#repolarization

"respiratory exchange ratio: the ratio of whole body VCO2 and VO2, measured at the pulmonary system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-r-or-rer-

the process of investigating a theory or hypothesis.  Research takes the form of making measurements under circumstances that allow you to make inference about some theory for how things work.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#research

"the amount of air that remains in the lung after maximal expiration" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#residual-volume-rv-

"impediment to flow of air or fluid (blood)" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#resistance

"repetitive motions with effort, slowed by loading. The goal of resistance training is to maintain or increase muscular strength" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#residual-volume-rv-

inreased H+ concentration (decreased pH) due to increased partial pressure of CO2. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-alkalosis--

"decreased H+ concentration in association with change in CO2. Ventilation removes CO2 from the body and when more CO2 is removed than is produced by metabolism, this removal results in decreased [H+] (alkalosis) because of the following reaction is driven to the right: HCO3 + H+ ® H2O + CO2"

"The respiratory centre is composed of 4 groups of a nuclei in the medulla oblongata and pons regions" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-centre

water vapour added to the air we breathe in is lost with each breath.  This fluid loss is called insensitive fluid loss because we are unaware of this water leaving the body.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-fluid-loss-

the ratio of the metabolic production of CO2 to the metabolic use of O2.  This ratio will be between 0.7 and 1.0.  The repiratory quotient (RQ) for fats is 0.7.  The RQ for carbohydrates is 1.0.  The RQ for protein is about 0.85.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-quotient-rq

an arrhythmia is an event that disrupts the regular beating of the heart. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a normal variation of the heart rate that oscillates with ventilation.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-sinus-arrhythmia-

the pulmonary system is divided into zones based on either a two-part system including the anatomical dead space vs other or into three vertical zones (upper, middle and lower) which correspond to low, moderate and high perfusion areas of the lungs

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#respiratory-zones-

the amount of energy needed to meet energy demands of the body while at rest. To measure resting metabolic rate (RMR), the person who is being measured should be sitting or lying down

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#met-

a fibrous band of connective tissue that constrains tendons close to the bone. When the tendon is held close to the bone (primarily at the wrist and ankle), the moment arm is kept short

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#retinaculum

a collection of cell nuclei that are sensitive to O2 and H+. These are the central chemoreceptors that are responsible for controlling cardiovascular and ventilatory responses of the body.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rtn

the minimum current amplitude of potentially infinite duration that will elicit an action potential by bringing the membrane to threshold.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rheobase-

a polymer of nucleic acids, coding proteins; 3 nucleic acids represent each amino acid.  Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is transcribed from DNA in the process of protein synthesis.  Forms of RNA include: messenger RNA, transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#rna

cellular organelle or particle usually associated with endoplasmic reticulum that functions in protein synthesis. Ribosomes are particles containing transfer RNA and amino acids engaged in protein synthesis.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#ribosome

a measurable variable that provides some predictability for a medical condition.  For example, increased body fat composition is related to metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#risk-factor--

the amount of energy needed to meet energy demands of the body while at rest. To measure resting metabolic rate (RMR), the person who is being measured should be sitting or lying down

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#met-

reactive oxygen species; molecules that contain oxygen and easily react with DNA, RNA, and proteins within the cell.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-ros-

a group of neurons in the rostral portion of the medulla that participate in regulation of ventilation. RVRg

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-rvrg

a large protein embedded in the membrane of the terminal cisternae, facing the transverse tubule; functions as a Ca2+ channel, allowing Ca2+ to move out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm to activate contraction. RyR

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-ryr-

the globular head of the myosin molecule, containing sites for actin and ATP binding/hydrolysis. The regulatory and essential light chains of myosin are attached to the S1 segment of myosin.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#s1-segment-

protein involved in activating translation by catalyzing a phosphorylation reaction. Like all kinase enzymes, this activation is achieved by phosphorylation of the target protein.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#s6kinase-

when motor unit stimulation results in incompletely fused tetanic contraction, the oscillations in force reach a peak early in the repetitions and later there is a decrease in peak values.  This drop of force, or sag, is recognized as a property of type II motor units.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sag

a Ca2+ pump that transfers cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the organelle known as sarcoplasmic reticulum or endoplasmic reticulum, using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the energy needed to transport against the concentration gradient. In skeletal muscle,

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-serca-

plasmalemma and basement membrane of the muscle cell.  The plasmalemma is a lipid bilayer with phospholipids and cholesterol embedded in it as well as a variety of proteins: ion channels, ion pumps, receptors and enzymes.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sarcolemma

the smallest functional contractile unit of a muscle. The sarcomere extends from one z-disk of a myofibril (or across the entire cell) to the next. Each myofibril has sarcomeres in series from one end of the cell to the other.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sarcomere

an intracellular tubular structure with its own membrane that sequesters calcium, making it available for release when the myocyte is activated. Sarcoplasmic reticulum has several specialized proteins including Ca2+-ATPase or calcium pump

quiescent precursor muscle cells. They contain a single nucleus and are located between the sarcolemma and basal lamina that surround a myofibre.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#satellite-cell-

infolding of the myocyte membrane under the nerve terminus. The membrane in this folded section of the sarcolemma contain a high density of acetylcholine receptors https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synaptic-cleft

specialized cell of the afferent nervous system that is designed to detect some modality in the body. Sensor cells can detect pressure, touch, odour, pain, taste, light, sound, muscle length, and force.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sensor

a Ca2+ pump that transfers cytoplasmic Ca2+ into the organelle known as sarcoplasmic reticulum or endoplasmic reticulum, using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the energy needed to transport against the concentration gradient. In skeletal muscle,

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-serca-

when the value of a variable is regulated by a control system, the value it is regulated close to is the set-point. For example, when the set point of the temperature is 21°C, the thermostat will regulate heating and cooling to keep the temperature close to 21°C

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#set-point-

a vascular connection that bypasses the capillary circulation.  In the systemic circulation, this would be a connection from arteries or arterioles to venules or veins (left to right shunt in the heart).  In the pulmonary system, this would be from pulmonary arteries or arterioles to pulmonary venules or veins (right to left shunt in the heart). verb, to move blood from arterial to venous circulation or the opposite without passing through capillaries is to shunt the blood.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#shunt

the pH of a fluid or the [H+] is dependent on the balance of positive and negative ions in solution.  Normally, positive ions outnumber negative ions.

SID = – = [Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+] – [Cl- + lactate-]

An imbalance favouring negative ions will increase [H+] while an imbalance favouring positive ions will decrease [H+]

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-sid-

he shape of a relationship that begins with a plateau of low values for the dependent and independent variables, but then the values of the dependent variable increase dramatically over a narrow range of values for the independent variable, before leveling off at another plateau.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sigmoid

a sequence of reactions that occur in response to a specific event or change in the environment and lead to a subsequent change in synthesis of a molecule or activation of a process. Signaling pathways may rely on change in enzyme activities or ion concentrations.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#signaling-pathways-

a sequence of reactions that occur in response to a specific event or change in the environment and lead to a subsequent change in synthesis of a molecule or activation of a process.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#signaling-pathways-

When the means of measurement of a variable on two different populations are different by a magnitude that you  are confident that 95 times out of 100, the mean would be different (in the same direction), then the difference is called significant.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#significant-difference

"an irregular heart beat that still originates at the sinoatrial (SA) node" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sinus-arrhythmia

"Contractile tissue under voluntary control for the purpose of force generation or motion" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#skeletal-muscle

"the precise measurement of the thickness of a pinch of skin (and subcutaneous fat); measurement of skinfold thickness at several anatomical positions is often used to estimate total body fat" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#skinfold

"a preparation to study contractile properties of muscle by disruption of the sarcolemma and regulation of the internal environment" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#skinned-fibre-

"the theory that explains how muscle length change is achieved. This theory states that muscle length change is achieved by sliding of thin (actin) filaments past the interdigitating thick (myosin) filaments within each sarcomere of the myocyte"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sliding-filament-theory-

"the amount of oxygen taken in and used in metabolism during exercise in excess of the rate achieved by three min; sometimes evaluated by fitting a double exponential equation to the oxygen uptake data" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#slow-component

"a fibre-type classification that identifies skeletal muscle cells with type I myosin ATPase and relatively slow maximal velocities of shortening" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#slow-twitch

"an enzyme/transporter that transfers 3 Na+ out of the cell and simultaneously 2 K+ into the cell using ATP for energy"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sodium-potassium-atpase-

"body of the cell, typically where the nucleus is located" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#soma

"a cytokine that promotes cell maturation and growth. Also known as growth hormone"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#somatotropin

measurement of a distance by emitting and detecting ultrasound.  The distance is estimated by measurement of the time for ultrasound to travel from one piezoelectric crystal to the other, knowing the speed of transmission in the medium of interest (often, this is skeletal or cardiac muscle).

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sonomicrometry-

also, length constant; the distance that a graded electrical potential can move passively along a dendrite, contributing to spatial summation.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#space-constant

spontaneous or stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle. Involuntary contractions that impair mobility and contribute to muscle stiffness, but only while the muscle is active.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#spasticity

the soma of a neutron will receive input from a number of sources and when several sources provide input at the same time but at different locations on the soma membrane, the resulting change in that soma will be cumulative.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#summation

"When stimulated with constant current input, more than sufficient to initiate firing of action potentials, a neuron will decrease the frequency of generation of action potentials" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#spike-frequency-adaptation

an automatic response to sensory input that relies only on connections in the spinal cord; for example, input from a stretch receptor will synapse with alpha motor neurons of the same muscle, activating a contraction.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#spinal-reflex---

referring to the spleen. For example, splanchnic blood flow is the blood flow through the spleen.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#splanchnic

a beverage that has added electrolytes and/or carbohydrates designed to assist in rehydration during and/or following exercise that has resulted in sweat loss.  Gatorade and Powerade are two examples

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sport-drink-

a form of activity dependent potentiation that relies on enhancement of contractile force for a given activation during repeated submaximal contractions. Staircase potentiation is typically observed during repeated twitch contractions when the interval between these contractions is up to 5 s.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#staircase-potentiation-

a measure of the dispersion of values among subjects for a measurement that has been taken: sd = square root of the variance

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#standard-deviation-

a measure of the dispersion of values among subjects for a measurement that has been taken. The standard error of the mean is an indication of how precise the mean value is as an estimate of the population mean.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-standard-error

the condition where the internal environment (see internal milieu) remains constant with respect to volume and composition of the fluids (ions, substrates, and metabolic by-products).

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#steady-state

the highest force that can be exerted. Typically, strength is measured with isometric contractions, though slow dynamic contractions are also used.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#strength

skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated; they appear banded (light bands corresponding to thin filaments and dark bands corresponding to thick filaments) under the microscope due to the repeating sarcomere structure that makes up the myofibril.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#striated-muscle-

brain vascular infarct or cerebrovascular accident. There are two major types of stroke: hemorrhagic stroke where a blood vessel is disrupted resulting in bleeding in the brain or constriction or blocking of a blood vessel resulting in impaired blood flow to a part of the brain.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#stroke

the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#stroke-volume-

the pH of a fluid or the [H+] is dependent on the balance of positive and negative ions in solution.  Normally, positive ions outnumber negative ions.

SID = – = [Na+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+] – [Cl- + lactate-]

An imbalance favouring negative ions will increase [H+] while an imbalance favouring positive ions will decrease [H+]

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#-sid-

the state of cross-bridge formation that represents the force generating state.  On activation, the myosin head can initially bind in a weak-bound state, but this transitions very quickly to a strong-bound state with motion of the lever arm portion of the myosin head.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#strong-bound

an intensity of exercise less than that which will elicit maximal oxygen uptake.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#submaximal

related to or lying just under the sarcolemma. The term ‘subsarcolemmal’ is often used to describe a population of mitochondria that are located between he sarcolemma and the myofibrils.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#subsarcolemmal-adjective

"molecules that can undergo reaction to form a different molecule"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#substrate-

"the transfer of substrates for metabolism (primarily fats and carbohydrates) from sites of storage to the blood "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#substrate-

"the mechanical adding of force from sequential activations when the next stimulus arrives prior to complete relaxation"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#summation

"an intensity of exercise greater than that which will elicit maximal oxygen uptake" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#supramaximal

"fluid secreted in response to heat or stress, by special glands in the skin" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sweat

"the amount (volume) of sweat that an individual excretes in a fixed amount of time"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sweat

"that portion of the autonomic nervous system that responds during stress (physical or emotional)"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#sympathetic-nervous-system-

"the structural assembly that transmits a neural signal from the nerve terminal to the target tissue" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synaptic-cleft

"the gap between nerve ending and target cell" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synaptic-cleft

"ability of the synapse to modify itself to accommodate change in use" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synaptic-plasticity

"the magnitude of influence that one nerve or node of neurons can have on another" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synaptic-plasticity

"temporary loss of consciousness, passing out or fainting" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#syncope

"an intermediate filament associated with the Z-disks and costameres of skeletal and cardiac muscle"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#synemin

"a review of the literature, following a stated and formulaic pattern" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#systematic-review-

"the peak blood pressure achieved in the arterial system during a cardiac cycle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#systolic-pressure-

"a high heart rate, but should be interpreted as a higher than expected heart rate"

"a high rate of breathing" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#tachypnea

"thermic effect of food: heat generated in the digestive and absorptive processes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tef-

When a soma receives repeated input from a given contact, the result will accumulate with the possibility of reaching threshold is the rate of input is sufficient to bring the membrane to threshold

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#summation

"composed of connective tissue; primarily collagen with small amounts of elastin and proteoglycans. Tendons connect skeletal muscles to bone" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#tendon

"the ease with which a tendon can be extended (elongated) calculated as delta length divided by delta force"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#tendon

"the ability of the tendon to withstand stretch when a force is applied" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/pha-tend#tendon

"the part of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, a striated muscle specialized organelle, that is adjacent to the terminal cisternae and sequesters Ca2+ for release when the muscle is activated" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#terminal-cisternae-

"heat generated in the digestive and absorptive processes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tef-

to control the temperature within narrow limits by generation of heat to warm the body or by sweating and increasing skin blood flow to dissipate heat

"the process by which an organism keeps its body temperature within certain boundaries" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#thermoregulation

describing the purpose of a control mechanism like sweating. The purpose is to regulate temperature.

"protein filaments composed primarily of myosin, forming the A-band region of the sarcomere within the myofibrils of muscle" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#thick-filaments-

"protein filaments composed primarily of actin, extending from the Z-disk towards the middle of the sarcomere"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#thin-filaments-

"the amount or size of a measurable phenomonon that results in a change in structure, membrane voltage, metabolic pathway contribution or other response" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#threshold

the amount or size of a measurable phenomonon that results in a change in structure, membrane voltage, metabolic pathway contribution or other.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#threshold

"the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs in one breath" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#tidal-volume-

"the time needed for an exponential relationship to change by 1-1/e or ~63.2 %" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#time-constant-

"a physical challenge (often a form of locomotion like running or cycling) against the clock, rather than directly against a competitor " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#time-trial-

"gigantic muscle protein that spans the sarcomere, beginning at the M-line (middle of the sarcomere) and following the thick filament but extending beyond that to the Z-disk. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#titin-

"the volume of air in the lungs after full inspiration. When the vital capacity is exhaled, residual volume remains in the lungs. TLC is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tlc-

"Toll-like receptor: proteins, typically found on macrophages or dendritic cells that bind to chemicals on the surface of microorganisms, allowing the immune system to recognize these invading organisms" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tlr-

"the highest level of a micronutrient that has been shown to have no adverse side effects in humans. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-ul-

"the willingness or a capacity to tolerate a disturbance to homeostasis. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#tolerance

"proteins, typically found on macrophages or dendritic cells that bind to chemicals on the surface of microorganisms, allowing the immune system to recognize these invading organisms" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tlr-

"the volume of air in the lungs after full inspiration. When the vital capacity is exhaled, residual volume remains in the lungs. TLC is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tlc-

"resistance is the ratio of delta pressure to Flow (DP·R-1) . Total peripheral resistance is the resistance across the full circulatory system"https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tpr--

"the sum of all weak acids in the body; a weak acid will partially retain H+ attached to the molecule under physiological conditions" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-atot-

"substances that are poisonous to the body, at low concentrations. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#toxins

"total peripheral resistance: resistance is the ratio of delta pressure to Flow (DP·R-1) . Total peripheral resistance is the resistance across the full circulatory system" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-tpr--

"the process by which genetic information of a gene is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA)." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#transcription-

"A protein found in the nucleus that binds DNA to regulate RNA polymerase activity, and thereby control transcription of a gene." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#transcription-

"genetically modified animals used for research." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#transgenic

"a contrived region of the lungs represented by the airways of the lung where gas exchange can occur. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#transitional-zone-

"the process of synthesizing new proteins. The DNA information transcribed into the messenger RNA is translated via ribosomes and transfer RNA to produce new proteins." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#translation

" a periodic invagination of the surface membrane (plasmalemma) forming a tube that goes deep into the myocyte, encircling myofibrils as it goes" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#transverse-tubule-

"structure of the transverse tubule seen in microscopic cross-section, flanked by two terminal cisternae."

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#triad

"a filamentous protein bound to the thin filament and positioned to prevent binding of the myosin head to actin. "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#tropomyosin

"a 3-part molecule bound to the thin filaments in skeletal and cardiac muscle. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#troponin

"the contractile response to a single activation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#twitch

An electrical impulse is applied to the motor nerve or muscle during a voluntary contraction to see if an extra contractile response can be obtained. This method is applied in an effort to calculate the voluntary activation ratio.

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#twitch

"inadequate insulin secretion due to failure of the pancreas to synthesize or secrete sufficient amount of this hormone." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#type-1-diabetes-

"also known as adult onset or insulin independent diabetes; blood glucose increases in spite of insulin presence in the blood "  https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#type-2-diabetes-

"skeletal muscle fibre-type represented with type I myosin. Also, slow-twitch". https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

"a fast-twitch fibre with type IIa or IIx myosin isoform" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

" skeletal muscle fibre-type represented with type IIa myosin which is a fast-twitch phenotype"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

"skeletal muscle fibre-type represented with type IIb myosin which is a fast-twitch phenotype with a high myosin ATPase activity"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

"hybrid muscle fibre fibre-type with type I and type IIa myosin in the same fibre" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

"skeletal muscle fibre-type represented with type IIx myosin which is a fast-twtich phenotype with a high myosin ATPase activity."

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/more-glossary-terms#fibre-type

vaguely defined as extremely long distance events; running, cycling, cross-country skiing. Usually considered much longer than a marathon and can take several hours to days to complete

"an image, created by comparing the nature of reflection of ultrasound (echo) from tissues." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#ultrasound-imaging

"when muscle fibres are oriented at an angle with respect to the line of action of a muscle, the muscle is called pennate. When all fibres are oriented at a similar angle, the muscle is unipennate" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#unipennate

"a measure of the variability of a measurement among a group of subjects. Variance is obtained by taking the average of the squared differences from the mean: variance = sum((xx-x)2)×n -1 where xx is sample value and x is mean value"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#variance

"the resistance to blood flow through a blood vessel, expressed as delta P×flow-1. where delta P is the difference in pressure across the vascular system of interest. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vascular-resistance-

"the relative state of contraction of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of a blood vessel" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vascular-tone-

"the act of constricting or reducing radius of a blood vessel or tubular structure. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vasoconstrict

"vascular smooth muscle contraction resulting in narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vasoconstriction

"the act of relaxing smooth muscle in the wall of blood vessel or tubular structure, resulting in decreased vascular radius."

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vasodilate

"relaxation of vascular smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, leading to increased vessel diameter " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vasodilation

"blood vessel that conducts blood towards the hear after it has flowed through the capillaries and venules "

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vein

"the rate of flow of venous blood from all sources returning to the right side of the heart" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#venous-return-

"the movement of air into and out of the lungs. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#ventilation

"over-ventilation/under-perfusion or under-ventilation/overperfusion of the lungs or a region of the lungs"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#ventilation-perfusion-mismatch--

"a oscillation of the heart rate, in tandem with ventilation. Heart rate increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#ventilatory-threshold-

"a specific change in the minute ventilation relative to either oxygen uptake or Carbon dioxide output as exercise intensity increases." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#ventilatory-threshold-

"blood vessel connecting capillaries to veins" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#venule

"an intensity of exercise approaching maximal oxygen uptake." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#very-hard

"A very small membrane-bound volume of fluid, often containing specialized molecules. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vesicle

"exercise intensity above the aerobic threshold, but below the anaerobic threshold." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vigorous-exercise-intensity-

"a small rod-like protein found in mesenchymal cells including skeletal muscle that serves as an intermediate filament."

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vimentin

"the maximal amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs after a maximal inhalation" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vital-capacity-

"organic substances required for survival in relatively small amounts." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#vitamin

"the highest value for oxygen uptake per minute that can be achieved by an individual, usually noted for a given exercise"

https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#maximal-oxygen-uptake-v-%CC%87o2max-

"the highest rate of oxygen uptake achieved in an incremental exercise test and equal to maximal oxygen uptake only if oxygen uptake does not increase during exercise at a higher intensity" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/max-ph#peak-oxygen-uptake-

"a channel is the pore of an ion channel protein, that is activated on reaching a threshold voltage across the plasmalemma." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#voltage-gated-channel

"a protein embedded in the membrane of an excitable cell (neuron or myocyte) that can be activated by a change in membrane potential. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#voltage-gated-channel

"the relationship between water entering the body (consider all sources; fluids, food) versus water leaving the body (urine, feces, insensitive evaporation, sweat). When the body is in water balance, the total amount of water in the body will remain constant. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#water-balance-

"the concentration of an acid that partly dissociates (loses a hydrogen) in solution is a weak acid. Atot is the total concentration of the acid and the dissociated base." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#-atot

"when speaking of the myosin bound to actin, the binding is initially weak (easily reversible to the unbound state), but once Pi is released it goes into a strong-bound, force-generating state."

an international organization that tracks health problems around the world and makes recommendations to ameliorate situations that create or worsen health problems. https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#who-

"also simply Wingate test; a 30 s all-out cycling test yielding a measure of maximal power output, total work capacity and fatigue index. Resistance is optimized for power output and total work. "

"a 30 s all-out cycling test yielding a measure of maximal power output, total work capacity and fatigue index. Resistance is optimized for power output and total work. " https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#wingate

"an international organization that tracks health problems around the world and makes recommendations to ameliorate situations that create or worsen health problems" https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#who-

"structural limit to the sarcomere formed by intermediate filaments and serves function of anchoring the thin filaments. Also, the attachment site for costameres that join adjacent myofibrils." https://kinesiology.ucalgary.ca/macintosh/glossary/tenda-zzz#z-disk