1.5 Suffixes

Incisions are done for many reasons, and Fig. 1.10 is an image of surgeon making an abdominal incision. The surgeon could possibly be doing an exploratory laparotomy or some form of resection. Incision has the suffix -cision, which means “process of cutting.”

Mammograms are a common diagnostic procedure, and Fig. 1.11 is an image of a mammogram being performed. Breast tissue goes on the film plate, then the X-ray machine above produces an image of the breast tissue. Mammograms are done routinely as a way of diagnosing, or ruling out, breast cancer. The term mammogram has the suffix -gram, meaning “record” and mamm/o, meaning “breast,” so the term means “record of the breast.” 

When a patient’s kidneys are not working effectively, the patient may be placed on dialysis (Kidney Foundation of Canada, 2022). Dialysis literally means “breakdown or separation complete,” which refers to the process of completely breaking down a patient’s blood, removing wastes, and then returning the blood to the patient’s body.

Peritoneal dialysis is shown in Fig. 1.12. This type of dialysis is performed by inserting a catheter into the peritoneal cavity, then instilling a fluid into the area so that wastes can move from the patient’s body into the fluid. Then the fluid is drained back into the bag (Kidney Foundation of Canada, 2022).

Patients undergo dialysis because their kidneys can no longer remove wastes from the body. It is typically used until the patient finds a suitable kidney for transplant (Kidney Foundation of Canada, 2022).

Biopsies are common diagnostic tests. Biopsy samples can be taken from many parts of the human body and are then sent to a lab for analysis; an example is shown in Fig. 1.14. The term biopsy has the suffix -opsy, meaning “to view.”

Fig. 1.15 shows an image of a pregnant women. In medical terms, the time before a women delivers the baby is called antepartum. This term literally means “birth before” or “before birth.” The time after a women delivers a baby is called postpartum, or “after birth.” Both terms have the suffix -partum, meaning “birth.”

Notice that the suffix -ectomy has the suffix -tomy within it, but they have very different meanings. The suffix -ectomy means “removal of,” whereas the suffix -tomy means “to cut into.”

If a term has the suffix -ectomy, then it always has the meaning “removal of”; for example, nephrectomy means “removal of the kidney.” If you change the suffix to -tomy, making the term nephrotomy, it would mean “to cut into the kidney.” Note that changing the suffix results in the term having two very different meanings.

It is also important to note the difference between -tomy and -stomy because they are both similar. As stated above, the suffix -tomy means “to cut into,” but the suffix -stomy means “opening.” Openings such as a tracheostomy, an opening into the trachea to assist with breathing, or a colostomy, which is often done to assist with conditions such as bowel obstructions, are usually permanent or semi-permanent.

The term apnea has the suffix -pnea, meaning “breathing.” Fig. 1.16 is an image of a person who has a particular kind of apnea called sleep apnea. If a person has sleep apnea, they sometimes stop breathing while they are sleeping and often awake feeling very tired. A CPAP machine is often prescribed for people who have sleep apnea to ensure that they continue to breath normally during sleep.

Fig. 1.17 shows an arthroscope. Patients often have procedures done with scopes to visually exam parts of the body. The suffix -scope means “an instrument to visually examine,” and in this case, it is being used to examine a “joint” (arthr/o).